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Key Events- Civil Rights, Voting Act terms, , , - Coggle Diagram
Key Events- Civil Rights
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Voting Act
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Selma, Alabama
Selma had a black population of 29,000 but only 1% were registered to vote.
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The campaign in Selma and nearby Marion, Alabama, progressed with mass arrests but little violence for the first month.
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7th March 1965 John Lewis led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. → ‘Bloody Sunday’*
Met with violence; most of them jailed; MLK arrested: 'more people in jail than in the voters registration'
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The national government had greater power over the voting process which stopped local governments from putting limits on black people.
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Judgement: The Voting Act is important because it allowed the African Americans in the USA to vote and prevented how they were prevented from elections by literary tests and such as they were colored. The voting act led to further desegregation of the African Americans and recognition of them as first-class citizens
civil rights act
Key events:
-In November 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated.
-President Johnson (1963-69) was just as committed to civil rights as Kennedy and pushed through important civil rights laws.
-1964 Civil Rights Act: made it illegal for local government to discriminate in areas such as housing and unemployment
judgement
African-Americans de jure had to undergo the same process for voting, but some states and election officials were still able to practice discrimination and go unnoticed for a long while
Literacy tests were still not banned- since there had been inequality in education, many African-Americans were unable to pass the literacy tests. Hence many were still unable to register to vote
Opposition was very angered, leading to more cruelty and brutality from segregationists→ many activists murdered or harassed. Eg- Selma march
Since the socio-economic discrimination had gone on for hundreds of years, many African-American familes were still financially disadvantaged
Overall, it was able to end de jure segregation but due to the impacts of long term segregation many African-Americans were still disadvantaged
Key individuals -Johnson, Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, George Wallace(as opposition)
Impact
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Involvement through his brother, Attorney general Robert Kennedy in Freedom Rides
However when it seemed that the Civil Rights movement had to be acknowledged, ultimately addressed a new bill had to be passed
Upon, Kennedy’s death, Johnson helped finish the civil rights act and was able to use his experience as a senate majority leader to to help pass this legislation
For 60 days the civil rights bill was debated - led by Robert Byrd of W.virginia (democrat, former KKK member) but ultimately able to pass bill
Thus, Johnson seemed to have been more involved in the gaining of the civil rights for African-Americans
Interstate transport system was desegregated, meant that African-American citizens were lawfully able to travel cross-country via public transportation
Led to better education for African-American citizens as funds provided to support struggling schools
Better jobs opportunities provided to African-American citizens, able to earn more money and thus establish better lives
Reinforced support from the federal government as federal agencies were prohibited from discriminating
Brown V Board education
Background
Gaines V. Missouri 1938
African American rejected from law school, the Missouri supreme court finally accepted him. Stated different facilities doesnt mean equal oppertunities
Sweatt V. Painter 1950
Said funding was equal fo both whites and blacks, but thye investigated and this was not true, therefore seperate but qual does not work
Murray V. Maryland 1936
African American sent letter to university in Maryland and was rejected and sent to Prince Ann university which wasnt as good
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Father of Linda brown asked Thurgood Marshall to help build a case, used 4 previous cases to form 1 big case and sue Topeka district
Linda browns case most significant, her school was not underfunded, focused on the constitunality of racism rather then money put into the schools
-third grader Linda Brown--> went to balck only school, 6 blocks and 1 bus ride away, this route was dangerous for a third grader
Closer school, which was white only was. only 7 blocks away
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Massive resistance
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Virginia
Governor of Virginia enacted the Stanley plan: closure of any school that desegragated, and cut funding
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Bloody Sunday
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Motivated by the killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old church deacon during the campaign in Selma
Troopers attacked the crowd with clubs and tear gas, cheered on by white onlookers
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Montgomery bus boycott
Took place from December 5, 1955. To December 20, 1956
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African Americans refused to suffer in silence.
-Rosa Parks denied the seat to a white person in a bus
-Boycott consisted on refusing to take city buses
Achievements: Supreme Court decided after 381 days to make buses unconstitution
-As it was a non violent protest, they demonstrated that they weren't a violent group, unlike whites in the south.
Voting Act terms
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By 1980 there were only 7% fewer black voters than white voters nationally. This was still a significant difference, but it was a long way from the 1960s
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