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THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION STUDY & COMMUNICATION THEORY - Coggle…
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION STUDY & COMMUNICATION THEORY
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION FIELD
Communication became the focus with the rapid development of Communication Technology
e.g. radio, television, telephone, satellite,
computer networks and industrial
development and world political
Development of Communication in The Western World
EARLY AGE - Rhetoric Resurrection (1900-1930)
To provide practical guidance to influence the recipient via The public address, oral interpretation, drama, debate and rountable discussion
The field of public speaking is still considered low compared to literature
COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE ERA –
Media Effects (1930-1960)
The era of the rise of four scholars or ‘The fathers of Communication
Research’ (Griffin, 1997)
i)Harold Laswell,
ii)Kurt Lewin,
iii)Paul Lazarsfeld,
iv)Carl Hovland
Schramm (father of communication) establish a first PhD program at the
University of Iowa and the Institute of Communications Research
EMPIRICAL EVOLUTION ERA – Test Tube Theory (1950-1970)
A group of communications researchers develop communication
organization called the International Communication Association (ICA)
The formation of the linear model by Shannon and Weaver (1948) -(facilitated by David Berlo, 1960) has changed the orientation field of communications
TURMOIL ERA – Introduction of Comm Interpersonal (1960-1970)
Interpersonal communication replaces the public speaking
The course of teaching changes to non-verbal communication, builds
trust, self disclosure, resolving conflicts
Focus on communication changes (from explaining the truth →
showing loyalty to the couple)
Department of interpersonal communication and the media become
increasingly important
NEW RETHORIC ERA – (1965-1980)
Highlight new ways to analyze speech (Edwin Black, 1965)
Public speech has nothing to do with the speech prepared with
care @ arguments made sense
Department of interpersonal communication and the media become
increasingly important
GLOBAL MODEL ERA – (1970-1980)
2 more items...
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION IN MALAYSIA
It's started with 4 department of communication in Malaysia:
Jabatan Komunikasi in USM (1970)
Kajian Sebaran Am in ITM/UITM (1972)
Jabatan Komunikasi in UKM (1976)
Jabatan Komunikasi Pembangunan in UPM (1979)
Developments of communication in Malaysia is influenced greatly by what happens in West because the founders of communication were attained their education & training from the West, but the knowledge adapted to the environment & culural values of our society
COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODS : RELATION TO THE COMMUNICATION THEORY
No theory of communication if there is no process / research methods.
Experimental method - develop cause-effect relationships to systematically manipulate a variable in a tightly controlled situation to stick to see the effect on the dependent variable
The survey method – using a questionnaire and data analysis provide answers about the views, feelings @ person’s action
Experiments and surveys are quantitative methods used by scientists to test theories
Textual analysis method - to explain and interpret a message
Ethnographic method - interpretive approach to find the meaning of a phenomenon → get involved personally in the research process by observing, listening, appreciate and participate in tribal ceremonies
Textual analysis and ethnography are qualitative methods used by humanities scholars
7 Traditions in Communication Theory
RHETORICAL
i.The study of the aspects related to public speaking & it's function to society
ii."Practical Arts" of speech
CRITICAL
I. Concerned with injustice, oppression, power, linguistic dominance
ii. Criticizing the social order (Unravel how the society defines freedom, equality, reason)
4.CYBERNATIC
i.Communication as information science-first introduced by Shannon and Weaver: communication involves noise
ii.This approach focus at problems such as noise in the communication process
iii.Also unravel the complexities of message meaning by underscoring the unpredictability of the feedback received
SOCIO-CULTURAL
i. Suggest that individuals are parts of larger groups who have unique rules & patterns of interaction
ii. Dialogue & interaction must be characterized by understanding of "voice" & individual point of view that inevitably finds its way into everyday conversation
1.SEMIOTIC
i.A study of signs
ii.Signs are apart of a social life
iii.Includes explicit & implicit meaning
*Depends on the context
5.SOCIO-PYCHOLOGICAL
i. Uphold a cause-effect model
ii. The study from the perspectives that upholds the behavior of an individual is influenced by something call "variable"
iii. Emphasize the importance of experimental research & trying to understand casual links
2.PHENOMENOLOGICAL
i.Personal interpretation of everyday life & activities
ii.Involves looking at things & events through a personal lens
iii.Applicable to issues pertaining identity, social class, sexuality, religion
STAGES IN RESEARCH PROCESS
Each stage is interconnected and affect each other
Observations stimulate new questions.
Theory challenged by the observation & question
Theory leads to new questions
Observations identified some theoretical
3 TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE IN AREA OF COMMUNICATION (BORMANN, 1965)
Humanistic Knowledge
Science Social Knowledge
Objective: human
There are elements of science & humanities
Involve the interpretation of the observations
Philosophy of social science issues
Agreement: The essential human element in scientific method
Scientific Knowledge
Objective: Develop a standard that can be used to view the phenomenon
Science orientation
Replication: research method
Natural problem
Subjective
Focus on Individual & response
Suitable for art, personal experience & value
No difference: what & who
Interested in the individual case
Use intuition, creativity, interpretation, insight
HOW KNOWLEDGE IS GENERATED ?
FINDINGS
Data produced from objective observation
INTERPRETATION
Data: meanings & interpretation from scholars
CRITICISM
Data: Consideration used to bring social changes