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Mangrove Loss in Myanmar, II. Deforestation/ Land Use Change, I. Forest…
Mangrove Loss in Myanmar
II. Deforestation/ Land Use Change
Infrastructure Development
Hotel
After 2010, the tourism enterprise is boosted, but the government haven't finished integrated coastal management (ICM) plan yet.
Road
The construction companies don't follow EIA & SIA rules, and even the Ministry of Construction doesn't have such human resources for monitoring.
Urban House Projects
Aquaculture
Shrimp Farming
(Trap & Hold system)
The forest department's laws are not strong enough to control the encroached people.
Around 2006, the Regional Prime Minister led the operation to boost the shrimp productivity in Ayeyarwaddy Region (lost 60% mangroves until now), and he forced the Forest Department to allow the shrimp fields in the Reserved Forests located even at the core zone that is necessary to protect the local communities from the climate hazards.
Agricultural Expansion
Paddy Field
The government introduced the projects to expand paddy fields along coastline of Myanmar but had no proper plan for buffer zone of mangroves along the coastline to protect from wind, wave, storm and erosion and salt intrusion to agri-land.
Sugar Cane
Nipa Palm (Mangrove Sp.)
The demand for nipa palm roof was getting increased over 10-20 years, and Forest Department earned too much taxes.
People could not afford to use zine and steel roof due to high price in these days.
Population Increase
Village/ Town Area Expension
The government has no plan for new housing area.
High Demand of resources
The resources are not enough and people over exploit/ overuse on the mangroves, and need other alternative resources
I. Forest Degradation
Over Exploitation of Forest Products
Fuel Wood
Local Use
Most small and medium villages along the edge of coastal region don't have electricity and proper transportation to get gas, and the government should introduce alternative energy for daily use.
Shrimp Boiling and Drying
The demands of fuel wood to boil/ dry the shrimp, are increasing yearly and the government don't force the business men to establish mangrove plantations to get enough fuel wood for their businesses
Charcoal
Export
The export to Thailand is still popular and the Forest Department could not control.
Local Use
Most small and medium villages along the edge of coastal region don't have electricity and proper transportation to get gas, and the government should introduce alternative energy for daily use.
Pole & Post
Housing
The socio-economic development of the edge of the delta region is low and most people could not effort concrete and brick to construct their houses.
Marine fishing Raft
The demands of pole/ post to construct the raft and fuel wood to boil/ dry the shrimp, are increasing yearly and the government don't force the business men to establish mangrove plantations to get enough pole and post and fuel wood for their businesses
Timber
Housing
The government exported timbers to other countries, to make money but didn't try to fulfill the enough timber for domestic use.
Boat Manufacturing
The wooden boats are still used along the coast, and most local people could not effort to purchase carbon-fiber boats and steel boats.
Bark Exploitation
Dying
The clothes dyed by natural materials like bark, are getting popular for the wealthy people and the local use is very rare.
Joss Stick
The joss stick is still used for religious praying and the raw materials from the industrial plantation are still not enough.