provides quick energy - good for just before a race - will burn off quickly and then leave you hungry

slow burn - burns off slowly - like before a marathon - lasts you a long time

stimulates the muscles in the digestive system to allow for smoother functioning

needed in cells, body fluids, most chemical reactions happen in water

red 🥩, spinach 🥛

needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy

scurvy - bleeding gums, weak immune system (without vit C, weak connective tissue) + bruising skin

16th and 17th c, Europeans thought Africans inferior and uncivilised, so felt justified enslaving them

Muslim traders - dangerous journey south across Sahara - luxury goods, salt, firearms to exchange for gold, leatherwork

great cities like Timbuktu, centres of learning + 🎨

16th century white Europeans began taking big no. black Africans to the Americas as slaves

Spanish forced native ppl of Americas (e.g. Incas and Caribs) to work under harsh conditions #

exposed to new + fatal diseases from Europeans, native ppl died in millions so

by early 16th century, Spanish needed alternate labour source

Asiento - import licence carrying privilege of controlling slave traffic to Spanish dominion in New World

first as house servants and farm labourers then

from beg. 16th century, next three centuries, slaves used on sugar plantations in Caribbean, Brazil, Mexico, massive expansion as Portugese + Spanish established control of New World

often enslaved for debt, punishment for crime, prisoners of wars/fighting

TT Revision Map

Other countries followed his example - France, Netherlands

English did not have Asiento, but Hawkins made 3 more trips 1562-68
Encouraged by Queen Elizabeth - profitable to English

slaves kept in forts along coast of W Africa European captains went ashore + did business w/ African chiefs/traders then herded human 'cargo' onto overcrowded ships

1680-88, British Royal African Company lost almost 1/4 of all slaves

shackled w/ leg-irons, branded w/ red-hot iron, heads shaved, clothes taken away

First Africans in NA early during colonisation - 1619

supply rapidly expanding textile industry in Britain

💰 of plantation owners depended on this

plantation slavery called 'The Peculiar Institution of the South' one of most cruel human systems

1526-1870, approx. 10 million Africans 🚢 to Americas - some say estimate too ⬇ does not account for all those who died

1 method of selling - horrifying to newly arrived slaves

herded together - sometimes sold at fixed price per head - purchasers rushed + grabbed ones they wanted to buy

sometimes paraded + examined like animals

slave stood on auction block while bidding took place

often by inch of 🕯 - bids received until inch of 🕯 burned

sometimes families kept together - usually separated

prices varies greatly - young, old, well, ill, skilled, unskilled

unhealthy slaves who could not be sold often left to die on wharfs

slaves given European names to try + make them forget African past

strongest adults cleared land, planted and dug, cut ripe canes, worked in mill-house

bigger children, old, and weaker slaves did weeding

young children tended garden + collected animal feed

hard work, regular punishment, poor diet, lack of medical care meant many slaves died young

👕 👖 of coarsest wool/cotton - called 'homespun'

children 👟less even in winter

monotonous food - cornmeal/ 🍠 varied by food from slaves' veg plots if allowed

slave quarters usually in rows behind big ◻ 🏡 for owner

1660s, slave codes in British colonies of NA

but were ignored w/out difficulty - slaves had no rights

rawhide - cut into skin, leather strap - stung skin w/out cutting it

some employed 'slave breakers' to force new/young slaves to submit to system

fetters/shackles - control + punish runaways

some runaways escaped even with collars/fetters

locked in plantation jails/medieval-style stocks

e.g. sawmills, gristmills, 💎 mines, 🐟 fisheries

deck hands, 🎣 fishermen

build 🛣 roads, canals, 🌉 bridges, 🛤 railroads

by 1860, probably 1/2 million slaves worked in S USA - virtually every skilled/unskilled occupation

in towns, made to wear numbered copper tags for identification

also servants in town houses - cooks, housekeepers, gardeners

cotton presses, tanneries, shipyards, bakehouses, etc.

price of freedom decided by owners, called manumission

by 1860, about 265,000 free blacks in S states

renamed Haiti - 1st black republic in Americas

1000s black ppl found freedom in N + Canada

1834, slaves in West Indies told would be free after another 6 yrs work

1862-63, black abolitionist Fredrick Douglass helped persuade President Lincoln to emancipate slaves + allowed blacks to join Union army

black soldiers joined 54th + 55th Massachusetts Volunteers at New Bedford

led President Lincoln to allow more black recruits

by 1865, over 178,892 blacks helped win the war + end slavery

Joseph Cinque, son of African 👑 led 54 slaves in revolt aboard Amistad

seized the ship, but crew tricked them into sailing back to NY, where recaptured

after lengthy case brought forth by abolitionists, freed

unsuccessful revolts in Martinique + Guadeloupe in Caribbean in 1789

1791, revolt on partially French-held St Domingue

Napoleon's army managed t reconquer + capture L'Ouverture in 1801

Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeated them - 1 January 1804, Haiti independent

21 August 1831, Turner + 6 others in Virginia attacked master + family

finally captured, Turner and 16 followers hanged on 11 Nov 1831

16 Oct 1859, white abolitionist John Brown planned to seize Harper's Ferry Arsenal, Virginia, take weapons to slaves, who would join he 'freedom army'

militia + townsfolk surrounded engine house - started shooting

finally stormed by Marines led by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert E. Lee

did raise awareness that slavery had to be abolished

usually young, male, in single or small groups

slaves needed passes + free blacks needed papers - often forged by runaways

1850 - government + police recapture runaways

anyone helping slaves could be given $2000 fine or 6 months in jail

stabbed to death slave catcher called Seneca Diggs

1855, approx >60,000 slaves assisted to freedom

often went to Collingwood, Niagara Falls, Montreal

British government asked that Anderson not sent back to US, and invited him to UK - he was in London at beginning August 1861

went to Liberia, independent African state established in 1822