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Concept Mind Map - Coggle Diagram
Concept Mind Map
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Inventing stories: Forcing witnesses to fabricate entire fictitious events leads to freely reported false memories
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methods
individuals were tested in pairs (one person was in the forced fabrication (FF) group and one person in the control group). approximately 60% of participants were warned resulting in 4 groups (FF warned, FF not warned, control warned, control not warned) . There were 4 phases of the experiment.
Phase 1: Eyewitness event -- participants watched a 18 minute clip from the movie Looking for Miracles
Phase 2: Forced Fabrication Interview -- two days later participants engaged in face to face interviews with an experimenter. They were instructed to answer every question with as much detail as possible, they had to answer every question even if they did not know the answer (they were instructed to guess). The questions were presented in chronological order and the FF group were presented with two false event questions.
Phase 3: 1-week recognition test -- participants were tested by a different experimenter, participants in the warned group were told they were asked questions about false events by the first interviewer. They were all asked 12 yes or no questions about what they watched in the clip.
Phase 4: 8-week free recall -- 75 participants returned for this phase leaving 18-21 participants per each of the 4 categories. They were told to assume they were eyewitnesses and their testimony could be used in a trial and they were to report the events they witnessed in as much detail as possible. There were no prompts in this phase.
findings
participants strongly resisted answering false event questions. 75% of the cases the individuals provided no relevant information when first asked about the false event. It took roughly 3 times asking to get participants to begin fabricating information. The interviewer then follows with more specific questions about the fabricated event. Average : 8 conversational turns to get the individual to fully fabricate an event.
Although they may have resisted at first, participants eventually developed false memories of events.
At the 1 week recognition test, there was very little fabrication of false events (especially when compared to other studies). At the 8 week test, participants freely reported the false events 50% of the time even though they had correctly rejected them as true in the 1 week test.
This study shows the first evidence that individuals can develop false memories for false events that they knowingly had been forced to fabricate. It also shows that over time, the false memory becomes embedded in the individuals memory as a true event
concepts
Is it possible for individuals to develop false memories of fictitious events they were forced to fabricate?
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Are eyewitness accounts biased? Evaluating false memories for crimes involving in-group or out-group conflict
concepts
determine how the conflict affected neural activity -- examine how neural activity differed by conflict condition
methods
Experiment 1a----viewed slideshows of eight ordinary daily events -- 6 events depicted involved crime and two were "neutral" activities. each slideshow had 50 slides
four different scenarios were used -- in-group conflict (victim and perp were both from the same in-group) -- out-group conflict (victim and perp were both from the same out-group) -- in-group ambiguous (the victim was from the in-group but the perp had no group affiliation) -- out-group ambiguous (victim was from the out-group and the perp had no group affiliation)
24 hours after viewing the slideshows, participants listened to an audio recording of the slideshow they watched the day prior. There was one sentence per picture (50 sentences per slide show) 12 of the sentences in each slideshow introduced false information
Participants then answered 18 multiple choice questions about the events including those events that false information was provided for.
Experiment 1b----The same experiment was repeated with 1b however only the 6 crime slideshows were used and they were manipulated to show intergroup conflict (victim was in-group perp was out-group and visa versa)
Experiment 2 ---only used the 6 slideshows with crimes depicted and the original event was simultaneously done while the individuals were undergoing an MRI
findings
there were more false memories in the intragroup conflicts than there were in the ambiguous conflicts.
individuals are more susceptible to false memories for intragroup conflict than out-group conflict or mixed group conflict. MRI results suggest this may be due to increased susceptibility to false memories for intragroup conflict
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