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Class differences in achievement - External Factors - Coggle Diagram
Class differences in achievement -
External Factors
Cultural Deprivation
, where a person has inferior norms, values, skills and knowledge
Children acquire basic skills and knowledge through primary socialisation in family, however w/c families fail to socialise children adequately
Language
Hubbs-Tait et al:
found that m/c parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities
Less educated parents tend to use language in ways that only require children to make simple descriptive statements
At a disadvantage in school
Feinstein:
educated parents are more likely to use praise
Bernstein
: speech codes
The Restricted Code:
w/c, limited vocab, simple sentences
The Elaborated Code
: m/c, wider vocab, more complex sentences, more advantage in school, as its used by teachers, 'correct' way to speak
He also argues that w/c fail because school's fail to teach them how to use the elaborate code
Parents' Education
Douglas:
found that w/c parents placed less value on education, less ambitious for their children , less encouragement, children had lower levels of motivation
Educated parents' express lots of discipline, high expectations. Less educated parents' harsh and inconsistent discipline
Educated parents', read to children, painting and drawing, helping with homework
M/c mothers buying educational toys, books
Working-Class Subculture
Sugarman
: Argues that 4 key factors that act as a barrier to educational achievement
Fatalism - a belief in fate, 'whatever, will be, will be'
Collectivism - valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
Immediate Gratification - seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future (m/c deferred gratification)
Present-Time orientation - seeing the present as more important than the future and so no long-term goals
Compensatory education, aiming to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation
Keddie:
Argues that a child cannot be deprived of its own culture, and that w/c are simply cultured differently
Material Deprivation
, which is the inability to afford basic resources, which can impact a child's educational achievement
Housing:
Poor housing, over crowding; harder to study, disturbed sleep, greater risks of accidents, cold housing means ill health, absences from school
Diet and Health:
poorer homes, lower intakes of energy, weaker immune system, difficulties concentrating
Costs of Education
: lack of financial support, lack of equipment, heavy burdens, cheaper items enhances bullying
Fear of Debt:
w/c more debt averse; see debt as negative and so actively avoid it, no university
Cultural Capital
, refers to knowledge, attitudes, values, language and tastes
M/c are better equipped to meet the demands of the school curriculum and gain better qualifications
Wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational capital by sending their children to private schools