Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
DNA - Coggle Diagram
DNA
Epigenetics
-
epigenetic changes produce changes in transcription and translatio, which do not depend on changes to the genetic code
epigenetics changes cause cells to express different RNA and Proteins. different functions and capabilities of the cell change. resulting in the organism having different observable traits
DNA modification
-
adding a methyl group to the backbone of DNA . this changes the shape of DNA and then the DNA is hard to access
Histone modification
-
when DNA is wrapped around loosely. chemicals can alter DNA to make them wrapped more loose around which would make it easier for RNA to be transcripted
-
eating fatty foods pregnant can increase cardiovascular disease in the embryo as DNA become loosely wrapped and transcription becomes exposed to risky.
transcription factors
RNA polymerase helps to assemble the RNA using DNA code. transcription factors are proteins that mediate the interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA. general transcription factor, activators (enhancers), repressors (silencers)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid: a type of nucleic acid that is responsible for storing genetic information in cells
-
double helix- formed by nucleotides contained of nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group
-
-
Stem Cells
stem cells are unspecialised cells found in multicellular organisms that can self-renew and give rise to other types of cells by differentiation
-
-
-
-
RNA
Type of nucleic acid that is responsible for interpreting genetic information from DNA into proteins
-
dont contain thymine, have uracil
DNA replication
unravelling the DNA
an enzyme DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases, unzipping the double helix into two single strands
-
-
Proteins
-
Functions of proteins
- maintain cell shape and make connective tissue- important for growth and repair of tissue eg collagen
- enzymes- biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions
- hormones- travel to target tissues and cause a change in activity
- immunity- antibodies that react with antigens
Protein synthesis
Gene: a portion of DNA that tells the cell how to make a specific protein. determined by the order of amino acids
-
-
Transcription
RNA polymerase attaches to the desired gene and separates the strands to expose the nucleotides in that region
-
-
-
-
Translation
-
-
free floating tRNA have specific anticodons at the end of them, they correspond to specific mRNA codons
-
-
-
-
-
Cancer
cancer is the uncontrollable division of cells. when this happens in a mature human it creates a tumour
tumours
benign do not spread to other tissues, dont grow rapidly. grows inside of a capsule
-
-
Gene Expression
gene expression describes the process by which functional product are made from genes. similar to protein synthesis, but does not always contain production of protein
-
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
-
-
-
- metaphase nuclear membrane breaks down and Chromosomes line up
- Metaphase centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
-
5 telophase. cytoplasm separates, cell and nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil
-
-
-
Meiosis
-
-
Stage 1
-
- chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosomes
- chromosomes line up in homologous pairs (randomly)
- crossing over occurs (homologous chromosomes swap sections
- spindle fibers attach, shorten, and homologous chromosomes break move apart
stage 2
- chromosomes line up individually
-
spindle fibres shorten, centromeres break and chromatids move apart
cytoplasm separates, cell and nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil
-
meiosis is important for reporduction of offspring with a new combination of genetics. this creates population variation
-