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Geography: Paper 1 - Living with the physical environment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Destructive - collision
        
        When two continental plates collide and form fold mountains or a deep sea trench
        
        Example: Himalayan mountains
        
        Causes no volcanoes but very strong, frequent earthquakes due to built up pressure
      - Destructive - subduction
        
        When a continental plate moves over an oceanic plate and then it descends down and melts
        
        Example: The Nazca plate is forced under the South American plate
        
        Causes explosive and viscous composite volcanoes and strong, frequent earthquakes
      - Constructive
        
        Example: North American and Eurasian plates creating the Mid Atlantic ridge
        
        Causes non-violent shield volcanoes and weak, frequent earthquakes and creates a mid-Atlantic ridge or islands such as Iceland
        
        When two plates move away from each other and creates new oceanic crust
      - Conservative
        
        Example: Pacific plate and North American plate going the same direction but the Pacific plate is moving quicker causing the San Andreas fault line
        
        Causes no volcanoes but strong and frequent earthquakes due to pressure
        
        When two plate either go in the same direction at different speed or opposite directions
    - - naturally occurring events that have the potential to cause loss of life, damage to property and loss of livelihood and factors that affect hazard risks are urbanisation, farming, climate change and poverty
    - - Fertile soil - ideal for growing crops
      - Tourism - spectacular scenery, economic benefit
      - Geothermal energy - heat from magma source, renewable energy to produce electricity
      - Unwillingness to leave - prefer to live with the threat because it is an infrequent hazard
      - Minerals - good area for mining so more jobs and money
      - Fault lines - allows water supplies to reach the surface which is useful in desert regions
      - Lack of choice - cheaper to stay and people have other things to worry about
  - - - Tropical storms
        
        Hurricanes, Cyclones, Typhoons - are found mainly between the tropic of Cancer and the equator with a few forming between the tropic of Capricorn and the equator
        
        Conditions you need - sea temperature 27 C or higher, occur between 5 and 30 north and south of the equator, a low wind shear, warm, moist air, a water source and rising winds to create an area of low pressure which increases surface winds
        
        How they develop - warm tropical oceans heat the air above it where warm air rises quickly creating strong winds and low-pressure conditions, the rising air sucks up more air to fill the gap strengthening the winds, the rising air also draws more moisture from the ocean, as the warm humid air rises it cools and condenses to form cumulonimbus clouds which generate torrential rainfall. The Coriolis force generated by the rotation of the earth causes the strong winds that are generated to spiral. Now cold air descends at the centre of the tropical storm, this forms the eye of the tropical storm, because the air in the eye is sinking there is no clouds and so it is drier and calmer. As the storm is carried across the ocean by prevailing winds it continues to gather strength. when it meets land it loses power and weakens.
        
        Structure - eye is the centre of the storm, eye wall is a tall bank on either side of the eye, rain bands on the outside spiralling with heavy rain
        
        How climate change may effect them - increase in sea levels and an increase in temperature of the sea will mean more of the oceans could be above 27 C, oceans will stay at 27 C or higher for more of the year so number of tropical storms could increase and higher temperatures also means tropical storms will be stronger and cause more damage
        
        Monitoring - scientist use data from satellites and aircraft to monitor storms and computers are used to calculate a predicted path for the storm
        
        Prediction - predicting where and when tropical storms are gonna happen gives people time to evacuate and protect their homes and businesses
        
        Planning - future developments can be planned to avoid the areas most at risk, emergency services can be trained and prepare for disasters and governments can plan an evacuation route to get people away from the storm quickly
        
        Protection - buildings designed to withstand tropical storms by using reinforced concrete or put on stilts so they are safe from the storm surge, flood defences can be built along rivers and coasts such as sea walls and levees
      - Global Atmospheric Circulation - it helps determine patterns of weather and climate, the circular motion of air rising at the equator as it warms descending at the poles as it cools, air circulates between high and low-pressure belts as surface winds
      - At the equator the air rises which creates a low pressure belt with rising air, clouds and rain and then the air cools and moves out 30 C north and south where the cool air sinks creating a high-pressure belt with cloudless skies and very low rainfall. Surface winds either go back to the equator or towards the pole Warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles at 60 C north or south where the warmer air is less dense than the cold air so it rises to create low pressure.
      - Convection cells - they enable heat from the equator to flow to the poles as high level wind, the colder air to move back to the equator to fill that gap as surface winds
  - - - Ice Cores - scientists drill into the ice to get long cores of ice and by analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice where one layer is a year and they can tell what the temperature was each year
      - Tree rings - trees grow a new ring each year and the warmer and wetter the weather the thicker the ring, scientists take cores and count the rings to find the age of the tree and the thickness of each ring show what the climate was like
      - Temperature reading - since 1850 global temperatures have been measured using thermometers which give a reliable short term record of temperature changes
      - Glacial retreat, Arctic sea ice and sea-level rise - less ice in the arctic and glaciers have retreated resulting in sea level rise due to warmer temperatures evidence for global warming and climate change
    - - Volcanic Activity - when volcanoes erupt they produce ash and sulfur dioxide gas which reflect the suns rays so the surface of the earth cools and it may cause short-term changes in the climate
      - Solar Output - the sun's output changes in short cycles of about 11 years, when the solar output is reduced the earth's climate becomes cooler in some areas, can also be affected by sunspots when solar energy is being fired out from the sun towards the earth increasing temperatures
      - Orbital Change - the path of the earth's orbit around the sun changes from a circle to an ellipse (an oval) and back every 100,000 years which changes the amount of solar radiation and if the earth receives more energy it gets warmer
    - - Agricultural practices - rice farming emits methane as well as the farming of livestock which the population increase for meat is growing rapidly so more livestock more methane
      - Use of fossil fuels - carbon dioxide is released into the air when fossil fuels such as coal, oil and petrol are burnt which are used for powering machinery
      - Deforestation - plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it using photosynthesis so when they are chopped down and burnt as fuel carbon dioxide is released into the air
    - - its a natural process where heat from the sun is captured in the earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and the gases let heat in but prevent most of them from getting out which maintains the earths surface temperature and stops it freezing over
      - Enhanced greenhouse effect - the natural greenhouse effect accelerated by humans adding more greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, greenhouse effect + impact of people = enhanced greenhouse effect
      - Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing because the human population is increasing so we need more resources and we are burning more fossil fuels
    - - More extreme weather so more money has to be spent on predicting extreme weather and reducing there impacts
      - Lower crop yields could increase malnutrition, ill health and death
      - Hot and dry climates are difficult to inhabit and some low lying areas could be lost to the sea or flooding which can lead to people moving to other places and overcrowding in certain
      - In farming some crops have suffered because of the heat but some have benefited from the warmer weather
      - Deaths due to the heat have increased but deaths due to the cold have decreased
      - Some areas are struggling to supply enough water for their residents due to water availability caused by changes in rainfall patterns
    - - Species are declining due to warming like coral reef because of sea temperatures rising
      - Low lying areas like the Maldives will be flooded more regularly and habitats will be lost because of coastal erosion
      - Precipitation patterns are changing so areas are getting more or less rain
      - Sea ice is also shrinking leading to the loss of polar habitats
      - The distribution and quality of some species could change and biodiversity could decrease
      - Warmer temperatures are causing glaciers to to shrink which is causing sea levels to rise
    - - Managing water supplies - dry areas are predicted to get drier leading to water shortages so people need to conserve water by shortening shower times, installing water butts and smart meters and in the Himalayas, there is an artificial glacier
      - Changing agricultural practices - weather becomes unreliable and this will affect the productivity of existing systems so we need to plant new crop types that are suitable to the new climate conditions and new crop varieties which are more resistant to extreme weathers such as drought-resistant millet in Kenya
      - Adaptations - changing the way we live to cope with climate change (adapting to climate change)
      - Reducing the risk of rising sea-levels - sea levels are rising to cause areas to flood and some countries will go underwater, to stop this we need to build defences such as barriers, planting mangroves and building homes on stilts
    - - Afforestation - planting trees to soak up carbon dioxide, planted forests can absorb carbon dioxide quicker than natural forests, LICs are able to do it because it is cheap and it improves soil quality but you need a lot of space
      - International Agreement - where lots of countries come together to decide how to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and some positives are that every country benefits and money can be available for LICs to help but its not easy to get 195 countries to sign, its only a promise not a commitment and some countries drop out or not sign
      - Alternative energy source - replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy can help reduce climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, its renewable, carbon dioxide free, no polluting and can work anywhere but it is very expensive, you need space and not all of it can be reliable at times
      - Carbon Capture - capturing carbon and storing it underground to reduce climate change by reducing emissions from fossil fuels, some advantages are that power plants can still use coal but it is expensive for LICs and people say it is a waste of money and we should invest more into perfecting carbon reduction
      - Mitigation - reducing the cause of climate change (managing climate change)