Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

History of Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Rockefeller foundations helped establish research on sexuality in the U.S
      - Under the influence of the Carnegie-funded Eugenics Record Office, the Draper-funded Pioneer Fund, and other institutions, the eugenics movement also influenced American psychology
      - funded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which disseminated the concept of mental illness and lobbied for applying ideas from psychology to child rearing
  - - - The new field of engineering psychology emerged. The field involved the study of the mental aspects of complex jobs (such as pilot and cosmonaut)
      - Interdisciplinary studies became popular and scholars such as Georgy Shchedrovitsky developed systems theory approaches to human behavior
      - The topics of cybernetics, linguistics, and genetics became acceptable again
      - Soviet academics experienced a degree of liberalization during the Khrushchev Thaw
      - Jewish psychologists past and present, including Lev Vygotsky, A.R. Luria, and Aron Zalkind, were denounced; Ivan Pavlov (posthumously) and Stalin himself were celebrated as heroes of Soviet psychology
  - - - Marxism–Leninism the leading social doctrine and Pavlovian conditioning the approved means of behavior change
      - The Stalinist Soviet Union became the major influence
    - - Able to transcend material conditions through hard work and ideological struggle
      - Envisioning an "active consciousness" (pinyin: tzu-chueh neng-tung-li)
      - Developed a concept of "recognition" (pinyin: jen-shih)
        
        Referred to the interface between individual perceptions and the socially accepted worldview
        
        Failure to correspond with party doctrine was "incorrect recognition."
    - - had a significant influence on psychology in China
      - Lectured to Chinese audiences between 1919 and 1921
      - Chancellor T'sai Yuan-p'ei introduced him at Peking University as a greater thinker than Confucius
    - - Most leading psychologists were educated in the United States
      - The first concern of the Academy was the re-education of these psychologists in the Soviet doctrines
      - 1951, the Academy created a Psychology Research Office, which in 1956 became the Institute of Psychology
      - Child psychology and pedagogy for the purpose of a nationally cohesive education remained a central goal of the discipline
    - - Received a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley
      - Became President of Zhejiang University and popularized behaviorism
- - - - A religion established by Russian-American philosopher Helena Blavatsky
      - Drew inspiration from these doctrines during her time in British India
  - - - Applied his principles of calculus to the mind, arguing that mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum
      - Suggested that the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree
    - - Identified psychology as its own science, writing Psychologia Empirica in 1732 and Psychologia Rationalis in 1734
    - - Advanced the idea of anthropology as a discipline, with psychology an important subdivision
      - Explicitly rejected the idea of an experimental psychology, writing that "the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will (but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purpose), and even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object."
    - - Designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic and gave lectures on scientific psychology, though these developments were soon overshadowed by the Napoleonic Wars
      - At the end of the Napoleonic era
        
        Prussian authorities discontinued the Old University of Münster
        
        Having consulted philosophers Hegel and Herbart, however, in 1825 the Prussian state established psychology as a mandatory discipline in its rapidly expanding and highly influential educational system
        
        This discipline did not yet embrace experimentation
        
        Early psychology involved phrenology and the response to social problems including alcoholism, violence, and the country's crowded "lunatic" asylums
- - - - Located at Johns Hopkins University
      - Trained Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the Imperial University of Tokyo
      - An American who studied with Wundt, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential
    - - Wundt's students Walter Dill Scott, Lightner Witmer, and James McKeen Cattell worked on developing tests of mental ability
      - Cattell, who also studied with eugenicist Francis Galton, went on to found the Psychological Corporation
      - Taught psychology at Harvard to students such as Narendra Nath Sen Gupta - who, in 1905, founded a psychology department and laboratory at the University of Calcutta
      - Witmer focused on the mental testing of children; Scott, on employee selection
    - - William James, John Dewey, and Harvey Carr advanced the idea of functionalism, an expansive approach to psychology that underlined the Darwinian idea of a behavior's usefulness to the individual
      - In 1890, James wrote an influential book, The Principles of Psychology, which expanded on the structuralism. He memorably described "stream of consciousness."
      - The idea behind structuralism was to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of introspection
      - James's ideas interested many American students in the emerging discipline
      - Created the psychology program at Cornell University and advanced "structuralist" psychology
      - Dewey integrated psychology with societal concerns, most notably by promoting progressive education, inculcating moral values in children, and assimilating immigrants
    - - Researchers placed greater emphasis on the biological basis for psychology, beginning with Ivan Sechenov's 1873 essay, "Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?" Sechenov advanced the idea of brain reflexes and aggressively promoted a deterministic view of human behavior
      - The Russian-Soviet physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed "classical conditioning" and applied the process to human beings