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powering the plant - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
        • Nitrogen Oxides
        – Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
        – Problems
        • Greenhouse gases
        • Cause difficulty breathing
        • Sulfur Oxides
        – Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen
        – Causes acid precipitation
      - Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
        • Carbon Oxides
        – Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
        
        Greenhouse gases
        
        • Hydrocarbons
        – Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4- methane)
        – Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases
        Ozone
        • Tropospheric Ozone
        – Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
        – Secondary air pollutant
        – Component of photochemical smog
        • Stratospheric Ozone
        – Essential component that screens out UV raditaion in the upper atmosphere
        – Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it
        Urban Air Pollution
        • Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below)
        – Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons
      - Christchurch ozone
        
        Effects of Air Pollution
        • Lowlevelexposure
        – Irritates eyes
        – Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
        • Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases
        
        Health Effects of Air Pollution
        • Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
        – Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to exchange gases
        • Nitrogen Dioxides
        – Causes airway restriction• Nitrogen Dioxides
        – Causes airway restriction
        • Carbon monoxide
        – Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
        – Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
        Ozone
        – Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort
        Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
        • Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation
        – Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths just shorter than visible light
        
        Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere • Ozone thinning /hole
        – First identified in 1985 over Antarctica
        • Caused by
        – human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals
        – Ex: CFCs
        • Hole over Antarctica requires two conditions:
        – Sunlight just returning to polar region
        – Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that circulates around the southern polar region
        • Isolates it from the warmer air in the rest of the planet
        • Polar stratospheric clouds form
        – Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone
        
        Recovery of Ozone Layer
        • MontrealProtocol(1987)
        – Reduction of CFCs
        – Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
        • Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is underway globally
        • Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone layer was recovering
        • Full recovery will not occur until 2050
        Acid Deposition
        • Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition
        • pH scale
        
        How acid deposition develops
        
        Effects of Acid Deposition
        • Declining Aquatic Animal Populations
        • Thin-shelled eggs prevent bird reproduction
        – Because calcium is unavailable in acidic soil
        • Forest decline
        – Ex: Black forest in Germany (50% is destroyed)
        
        acid deposition and forest decline
        
        Air Pollution Around the World
        • Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries
        • Shenyang, China
        – Residents only see sunlight a few weeks
        each year
        • Developing countries have older cars
        – Still use leaded gasoline
        • 5 worst cities in world
        – Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India
        Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants
- - - - barometers
        air pressure readings
        
        wind vane and anemometer
      - Driving Forces within the Atmosphere
        • Gravity
        • Pressure Gradient Force
        • Coriolis Force
        • Friction Force
        Pressure gradient
        
        Pressure gradient force
        
        Pressure + coriolis
        
        Pressure + Coriolis + ffriction
        
        Coriolis force -
        Atmospheric Patterns of Motion
        • Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas
        • UpperAtmosphericCirculation
        • Local Winds
        Global Barometric pressure
        
        General Atmospheric circulation
        
        local winds
        • Land-sea breezes
        • Mountain-valley breezes
        • Katabatic winds
        land-sea breezes
        
        Mountain valley breezes
        
        Monsoonal winds
  - - - 2.2 stability and inversions Temperature inversions - when temperature increases with height
        An inversion represents an extremely stable atmosphere where warm air lies above cool air
        – acts like a lid on vertical air motion
        Surface inversions  elevated inversions
        
        2.3 wind. and turbulence - Wind speed determines how quickly the pollutants mix and move away from their source
        
        (wind strength effect)
        
        Turbulence enhances micing
        EDDY SIZE EFFECTS
        
        PLUMES; EFFECTS OFF STABILITY
      - 2..2 stability and inversions - Atmospheric stability determines the extent to which air will be mixed
        static atmospheric stabbility
        
        based on the [local] vertical temperature
        stratification
        
        Dynamic atmospheric stability
        – includes effects of wind and temperature
      - static stability - determined by the way air temperature (TA) changes with height = environmental lapse rate (ELR)
        
        the actual temp structure of the atmos
        
        Method: compare the temperature of a rising air parcel to the surrounding air (ELR)
        Rising dry air cools at a rate of 9.8oC/km = dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR)
        
        Inversions - formation - cooling at low levels / near the surface
        – warming aloft
        – advection (horizontal air motion)
        Erosion:
        – warming at low levels
        – cooling aloft
        – turbulent mixing
- - - - Where is electricity used? • The image below reveals that the electric-using population is concentrated in a few world areas and is mostly along the coasts
      - Global Wind Atlas - web-based application developed to help policymakers, planners, and investors identify high-wind areas for wind power generation virtually anywhere in the world, and then perform preliminary calculations.
      - Variation in Wind Speed
        • Spatial(Geographic location)
        – Global location
        – Terrain
        – Elevation
        • Temporal(time)
        – Inter-decadal (will not cover)
        – Inter-annual (will not cover) – Seasonal
        – Daily