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Chapter 7, The vast majority of sex-liked genes are... - Coggle Diagram

- - - - energy from light to self feed
  - - - Make ATP + NADPH
      - Energy used: NADP+
      - Light
        
        Electromagnetic energy (sunlight)
        
        Electromagnetic radiation
        
        Photon
        
        Wavelength
      - Pigments
        
        Absorb light energy
      - Photosystem
        
        Captures solar energy
        
        Light-harvesting complexes
        
        Reaction-center complex
      - Photophosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
      - Input: H2O
      - Output: O2
    - - The steps of the Calvin cycle
        
        Carbon Fixation
        
        Reduction
        
        Release of one molecule of G3P
        
        Regeneration of RuBP
        
        C4 plants
        
        Fix CO2 into a 4 carbon compound
        
        CAM plants
        
        Adapted to very dry climates
        
        C3 plants
        
        The first stable product of carbon fixation is a 3 carbon compound
        
        Photorespiration
        
        Rubisco uses oxygen
      - ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the calvin cycle
      - Input: CO2
      - Output: glucose and other compounds
  - - - Stomata
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Stroma
        
        Thylakoid
        
        Grana
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        CO2 comes through
- - - - Asexual reproduction
        
        Binary Fission
        
        Prokaryotes reprocude by binary fission
        
        As the cell replicates its singles chromosomes
        
        Duplication of the chromosome and separation of the copies
        
        Continued elongation of the cell and movement of the copies
        
        Division into two daughter cells
        
        Clone
        
        Eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis
        
        DNA
        
        Chromosomes
        
        Packed formed of DNA
        
        Centromere
        
        Microtubule-organizing regions in the cytoplasm
        
        Alterations during meiosis can alter chromosome number and structure
        
        Nondisjunction
        
        2 more items...
        
        Karyotype
        
        Photographic inventory of chromosomes
        
        Chromatin
        
        Unpacked formed of DNA
        
        Chromatid
        
        Individual strand of DNA
        
        Sister chromatids
        
        Locus
        
        Centrosome
        
        Cell Cycle
        
        Interphase
        
        G1
        
        S
        
        2 more items...
        
        First gap
        
        Mitotic phase
        
        Mitosis
        
        Cytokinesis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Prophase
        
        1 more item...
      - Sexual reproduction
        
        Fusing DNA with another organism to produce offspring with genetic variation compared to the parents and each other
        
        Chromosomes are matched homologous pairs
        
        Somatic cell
        
        Homologous chromosomes
        
        46 chromosomes. 23 homologous chromosomes
        
        Crossing over
        
        An exchange of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
        
        Recombinant chromosomes
        
        1 more item...
        
        Wild type
        
        2 more items...
        
        Sex chromosomes
        
        Autosomes
        
        Life cycle
        
        Haploid
        
        Gametes
        
        Fertilization
        
        Zygote
        
        Mitosis and development
        
        2 more items...
        
        Diploid
      - Environmental factors
        
        Density-dependent inhibition
        
        When cells have formed a complete layer, they stop dividing
        
        Anchorage dependence
        
        Cells anchor to the dish surface and divide
        
        Cancer cells
        
        Tumor cells keep dividing even when they have filled a layer, forming a clump of overlapping cells
        
        Cancer
        
        Tumor
        
        Malignant tumor
        
        Metastasis
        
        Benign tumor
        
        Growth factors
        
        Most type of mammalian cells will only divide with this proteins present
        
        Cell-cycle control system
        
        A set of molecules that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
  - - - Changes in somatic cells do not influence gametes
      - Some traits that dissapear in one generation can reappear in later generations
      - Reproductive cells are not composed of particles from somatic
      - Mendel
        
        Genetics
        
        Characters
        
        Genes
        
        Traits
        
        alleles
        
        For each character, an organism inherits two alleles of a gene, one from each other
        
        Homozygous
        
        1 more item...
        
        Heterozygous
        
        2 more items...
        
        If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism's appearance
        
        Recessive allele
        
        Dominant allele
        
        There are an alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characters
        
        A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes
        
        Law of segregation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Punnet square
        
        Phenotype
        
        2 more items...
        
        Genotype
        
        2 more items...
        
        Law of independent assortment
        
        Pedigree
        
        Genetic traits can be tracked through family pedigrees
        
        Carriers
        
        Disorders
        
        Dominant disorders
        
        Huntintong's disease
        
        Degenerative disorder od the nervous sytem
        
        Recessive disorders
        
        New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy
        
        Genetic system
        
        Fetal system
        
        Amniocentesis
        
        Chorionic villus sampling
        
        Fetal Imaging
        
        Ultrasound imaging
        
        Newborn screening
        
        Ethical considerations
        
        A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters
        
        Pleiotropy
        
        Sickle-cell disease
        
        A single character may be influenced by many genes
        
        Polygenic inheritance
        
        Additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
        
        Heredity
        
        True breeding
        
        Produce offspring that look like them (between parents)
        
        P generation
        
        F2 generation
        
        F1 generation
        
        Hybrids
        
        Two different parents create offspring
        
        Genetic cross
        
        Meeting that's gonna produce offspring
        
        Monohybrid cross
        
        A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for one character (Pp x Pp in this case)
        
        Dihybrid cross
      - Rule of multiplication
      - Rule of addition
      - Complete dominance
      - Incomplete dominance
    - - Chromosome theory of inheritance
        
        Genes occupy specific loci (positions) on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis
      - Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
        
        Linked genes
      - Recombination frequency
        
        The percentage of recombinant offspring among the total
      - Genetic map
        
        Ordered list of the genetic loci along a chromosome
        
        Linkage map
        
        Genetic map based on recombinant frequencies
    - - Sex-linked genes
        
        A gene located on either sex chromosomes