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Topic 7: People Smuggling - Coggle Diagram
Topic 7: People Smuggling
Why do people migrate?
Environment/living conditions
Diseases
Maternal health
Child mortality
Gender Equality
Global Financial Crisis
Extreme poverty + hunger
Primary Education
Conflicts
Legal Migration
Advantages
Family: Money sent back from migrant
Country of origin: Better economy due to money coming from migrant
Migrant: Ability to work and support family
For country of destination: Taxes, migrant popular workplace
Disadvantages
Reduce wages for country of destination
Reduce emolyment in the country of destination
Abuse/exploitation
Racism and discrimination
Only Middle class are more likley to migrate.
Why use Smugglers?
Tightenned borders
Foreign environment, migrants don't know where to go.
Smuggler can be the facilitator, negotiator, or control whole journey
Define Migrant Smuggling
Organise illegal entry
Where they are not a legal resident
Purpose = financial/other benefits
Can't be charged with smuggling as the "smuggled". Only the smuggler is criminally responsible.
Refugee Process
Asylum seeker = Awaits to be approved as a refugee
Refugee = Well founded fear of persecution, based on the reasons of race, religion, nationality, etc,
Refugee cannot be sent back to their country of origin, Pinciple of non-refoulment
Unless the refugee would be a danger to the Australian public
Smuggling Process
Roles in Migrant Smuggling
Coordinator
Recruiter
Guides/transporters
Spotters
Service providers
Forms of Smuggling
Individual smuggling (Travels himself until he can't, uses people smuggler for 1 aspect)
Covered smuggling (Abuse of documents, fake marriage)
Pre-organised (Stage to stage smuggling organisation, a different coordinator and service provider for each country crossed)
Forms of Payment
Credit
En route
Pay in advance
Fees depend on:
Means of transport
Added services
No. people involved in smuggling
Risk level
Time of year
Smuggling Transport
Land
Crossing dessert = danger
Use hubs to not get detected
Air
Safest
Not researched enough
Fake docs and bribe of airport staff
Sea
Most dangerous, very common
Not enough fuel, only enough to reach 12 nautical miles from the coast of the destination country.
Combatting smuggling
Ratify and enforce
Transnational organised crime convention
Smuggling and Migrants protocol
Trafficking in persons protocol