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Patient R.W. - Coggle Diagram
Patient R.W.
Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson's disease is a result of gradual loss of cells in the substantia nigra in the brain which is responsible for the production of dopamine
dopamine is a chemical messenger to coordinate activity and with a deficiency, it causes you to not be able to control movements
it is a progressive disease that starts with small tremors, slurred speech, and little facial expression
Symptoms: tremors, bradykinesia, rigid muscles, and impaired posture, balance, speech, and writing
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Risk factors: age (elderly), heredity, sex (men are more likely), and exposure to toxins (herbicides/pesticides)
Additional problems: thinking difficulties, depression, swallowing and sleep problems, and constipation
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Hyperlipidemia
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Treatment
healthy diet, weight control, quit smoking, and physical activity
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high levels of HDL cholesterol have been linked to PD and can cause a decrease in neurological status
Causes: smoking, alcohol, unhealthy foods, obesity, hypertension, and sitting too much
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Hypertension
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Often, PD causes hypotension. Because of her hyperlipidemia, hypokalemia, and previous history with smoking, she has had hypertension her whole life.
This is due to an increase in cholesterol and a potassium deficiency. The arteries in her heart are working overtime and have gotten smaller throughout the years
Symptoms: fatigue, chest pain, headaches, vision problems, and dyspnea
Treatment
Carvedilol: decrease HR and BP, improve cardiac output
Valsartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist, lower BP
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Hypokalemia
low levels of potassium in blood. potassium helps our bodies move, get nutrients, and send signals throughout. Potassium also helps keep our blood pressure down.
Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, meds that make you urinate, etc.
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, twitching, constipation, and arrhythmias
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Constipation
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PD can affect the autonomic nervous system that often controls functions such as blood pressure and digestion.
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Treatment
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drink water, eat more fiber, and exercise
Chronic back pain
Because of all her sitting/laying due to fear of falling and also her previous work experience, she experiences chronic back pain
PD creates problems such as rigidity and muscle stiffness that can lead to back pain (especially lower back)
with PD occurring in the older population, a decrease in exercise and stooped posture contributes to this
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