bio molecules
proteins
carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Lipids
monosaccharideas
di saccharideas
two sugar molocules
poly saccharideas
one sugar molocule
three or more sugar molecules
vocab
peptide=protien
saccharideas = sugar
polymere = 3 or more strucers
monomere = a single structure unit
dimere = 2 structures
polypetide
monopeptide
dipeptide
two amino acids
3 or more amino acids
1 amino acid
peptide bonds
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protien structure
primary structure = the sequence of amino acids joined together in a line, poly peptide chains are 12amino acids long
secondary = H-bonding, causes chains to coil up into a alpha helix. beta sheets could also form
tertiary = different types of bonding occur (ionic ,hydrogen, and covalent) between R groups, this makes the alpha helix bend and curve
sugar structure
enzyms
enzymes in the body are used to break down the polysaccharides and monosachrides into smaller units and then are used for several things within the body
type of linkage determines the chemical reaction they take part in
all protiens are made of amino acids
amino acids are bonded with dehydration synthesis, the bonds are called peptide bonds, a peptide bond is polar which leads to H-Bonding
dehydration synthesis
the molocules combine when -OH is taken from one and H is taken from another, the -OH and H connect to make a water molocule. the other two connect to make a monocaccharudeas or polysaccharides
a protein is a chain of polypeptides
Quartenary structure = proteins that are more then one poly peptide chain. it is organized in a specific arrangement of polypeptide chains from that protein
fats, oils and waxes
saturated
unsaturated
no double bonds, carbon are saturated with hydrogens
saturated fats are normally solid at room temp
these are what are classified as "bad" fats in the dietary world, this means that they are known to contribute to heart issues such as cancer, stroke and disease
they have one monounsaturated or more polyunsaturated double bonds between carbon in chains
carbons are not saturated with hydrogens
unsaturated fats are normally liquid at room temperature, such as examples like vegetable oil or omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids
these are thought to be healthy fats
lipids are long term energy storage, they are insulation , they help to structure things such as cell membranes. they are chemical messengers
unsaturated fatty acids have a bend in there structure since it is not solid, this bend is connected wit ha double bond
no bend in the structure it is straight.
natural fats are called triglycerides, these are formed by hydration synthesis. triglycerides are non-charged and non-polar. these fats do not mix with water, they are hydrophobic.
soaps are made by mixing a base and a fatty acid, they are polar. the oil will disperse water in a process called emulsification
phospholipids are important parts of cell membranes. they have the same basic structure as neutral fats but one fatty acid is replaced is replaced with a phosphate groups wit ha charged nitrogen attached. phospholipids have a head which is phosphate containing, and have two fatty acid tails. the head is hydrophilic and the they are hydrophobic. it is two layers and the tails are facing each other. cholesterol can cause problems when it is dietary cholesterol, this type of cholesterol can form artery plugs what can lead to strokes and meany heart problems. dietary cholesterol is only found in animal products. there is no cholesterol in plant foods.
steroids are another type of lipid. they are multi ringed structure, they are all deprived from cholesterol. cholesterol may have a bad rep but it is essential and found in every cell in the body. steroids can function as chemical messengers, they also form meany hormones such as things like estrogen and testosterone.
hydrophilic + waterf loing
hydrophobic = water hating
carbs are made of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, they normally have the general formula of Cn(H2O)n. this explains the name (hydrated carbon)
different forms are used for different things, some for energy, storage, and structural support in plants as well as animals.
they are used for sort term energy supply. and energy storage. they are cell membrane markers, they are also like an exoskeleton
Macromolecules are polymers
of nucleotides
DNA
RNA
Bases
ATP
Nucleotides
They are formed by dehydration synthesis between nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate and nitrogen containing base(could either have 1 or 2 rings)
4 different nucleotides in dna
Sequence of nucleotides is Genetic Code
1 ring = T,C
2 rings = A,G
- purines are two rings
-pyrimidines are one ring
cytosine (c) one rings
thymine (t) one ring
adenine (a) 2 rings
Guannie (g) 2 rings
uracil is also one ring (u)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
It makes up the chromosomes and genes, these control all cell activity, division and photosynthesis
Dna also undergoes mutations
Two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids
Strands have a backbone made of sugars and phosphates and joined nucleotides
Strands have a backbone made of sugars and phosphates and joined nucleotides
Bases stick out the sides and hydrogen bonds with the complimentary base of the other strand
3’ and 5’ are the two ends on each and the go one way and then the other way so one goes 5’ top and 3’ bottom and one goes 3’ top 5’ bottom
T goes with A and T changes to U when in RNA
And C goes with G
Dna forms functional units called genes
Dna is then packaged into chromosomes, they go from being in the double helix form to being histones to being nucleosomes to being chromosomes( a few more steps in between but that's the idea)
Ribonucleic Acid
Single strand of nucleic acids,
this is formed from
the dna template in the nucleus.
This Is kinda like half of the double helix
AUCA
T turns into U
Atp is a nucleotide it is a primary carrier or energy in cells
It is made of sugar ribose, base adenine, 3 phosphate groups
The bond between the otter two phosphates(second and third) is very strong/hing in energy so when broken energy is released and this is able to be used by the cell.
The bond between the first and the second produces some energy, but the connection between the first and the A is quite week and does not release much energy when broken
Atp is made in the mitochondria during cellular respiration
rna is used during the construction of proteins.
starch is the storage for fo glucose in plants
may be designated by the number of carbons they contain
these are formed by two monosaccharides going through dehydration synthesis, this is a reaction
by Sophie Lobmeier ❤