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Classification of joints, Connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
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- Connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
- eg Epiphyseal (growth) plate
- Slightly movable joint
- Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
- e.g. between anterior surfaces of hip bones. Intervertebral joints between vertebrae.
- Allows a joint to be freely movable
- Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint
- Articular capsule : a sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity, composed of 2 layers which are outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid: secreted by synovial membrane which functions in
(lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, supplying oxygen and nutrients to cartilage and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from cartilage)
- Collateral ligaments of the knee joint
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee joint
- Menisci : Pads of cartilage lie betw articular surfaces of bones that allows bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly
- Nerve endings convey information about pain from joint to spinal cord and brain
- Nerve endings respond to the degree of movement and stretch at a joint
- Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the articular capsule
- Follow Hilton's law (nerves to the muscles acting on a joint give branches to that joint as well as to skin over the area of action of these muscles)
- Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid
- Located between tendons, ligaments and bones
- Cushion the movement of these body parts
- Wrap around tendons
- Reduce friction at joints
ROM : refers to range, measured in degrees of circle through which the bones of a joint can be moved
- Based on type of movements
- Only allow simple gliding movements
- eg Intercapal and intertarsal joints
- Produce an opening and closing motion like that of a hinged door
- Permit only flexion and extension
- eg knee and elbow joint
- Uniaxial joints for rotation
- Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone
- Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly
- Eg Proximal radioulnar joint; distal radioulnar joint
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
- The projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone
- eg wrist joint
- Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle"
- eg thumb
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, mediolateral rotation and circumduction
- Ball-like surface of one fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
- eg shoulder and hip joints
- Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side
- There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones
- Limited in range
- eg intercapal joints
- A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
- Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head "no"
- Increase /decrease in the angle between articulating bones
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