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immunity and response - Coggle Diagram
immunity and response
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable (infectious) disease. Plants and animals can be infected by them.
Viruses - much smaller than bacteria; can also reproduce quickly in the body. They live inside your cells when the replicate. They then burst out of the cell, releasing new viruses.
protists - eukaryotes (multicellular). Some are parasites that live on or inside other organisms, often carries by a vector.
bacteria - small cells that can reproduce very quickly in the body. They produce toxins that make you feel ill, damaging your cells and tissues.
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fungi - sometimes single celled, others have hyphae that grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants. They can produce spores that spread to other plants.
spread through air, water and direct contact
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viral diseases
HIV - spread by sexual contact or sharing of bodily fluids. HIV can be controlled through antiviral drugs; this stops the viruses replicating. The virus attacks the cells in the immune system. If the immune system is badly damaged, the body can't cope with other infections.This is the late stage and is called aids.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) - this virus affects plants. Part of the leaves become discoloured. This means the plant won't be able to carry out photosynthesis; this will affect the plants growth.
Measles - spread by droplets of liquid through sneezes and coughs. Symptoms include a red rash on the skin and a fever. Measles can be serious or even fatal and can lead to pneumonia. Most people are vaccinated against measles from a young age
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plants need ions from the soil, if there isn't enough then the plant suffers deficiency symptoms
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bacterial diseases
salmonella - bacteria causes food poisoning. Symptoms include fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. The symptoms are caused by the toxins produced by the bacteria. Food contaminated with salmonella can give you food poisoning. Most poultry in the UK will have a vaccination against salmonella.
gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted bacterial disease, passed on by sexual contact. Symptoms include pain when urinating and a thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis. To prevent the spread people should be treated by antibiotics and use a condom.
fighting diseases
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antibiotics - kill the bacteria causing the problem but don't work on viruses. Viruses are difficult to kill as they live inside the body cells.
vaccinations - developed to protect us from future infections. A vaccination involves an injection of a dead or weakened version of the pathogen. They carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies which will attack the pathogens. If you are infected again, the white blood cells can produce antibodies quickly.
pros - helps to control communicable diseases that used to be very common. Epidemics can be prevented.
cons - they dont always work. Some people can have a bad reaction to a vaccine - however, this is very rare.
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common signs of plant disease include, stunted growth, yellowing leaves, spots on leaves, patches on leaves and abnormal growth
plants have physical, chemical and mechanical ways to stop pathogens
physical - waxy cuticles, cell walls, layers of dead cells
mechanical - thorns, hairs, leaves that droop or curl, some plants can mimic other organisms
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placebo effect - when the patient thinks the treatment will work, even when it isn't doing anything
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