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Patterns of interactions, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Nok Culture
        
        Their name came from the villiages where the first artifacts were from
        
        First West African people to smelt iron, some of the tools and weapons made their way into overland trade routes.
        
        Invention
        
        This is an example of invention because they were the first people who make things out of iron.
        
        Djenne-Djeno, most Africans lived in small villages. Cities began to develop sometime between 600 BC and 200 BC
        
        How do artifacts provide of picture of daily life?
        
        1 more item...
        
        Nok people lived in Nigeria 500 BC and AD 200
- - - - Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen, farmers and traders. The most important crop is the yam. Other staple crops include cassava and taro.
  - - - Matrilineal society trace their ancestors through their mother and sons inherit land and wealth from mothers side of the family
      - most sociologists would argue that we still live the most part under a patriarchy
  - - - Men and women both have different stages and each stage has its own duties and importance.
        
        The Igbo use it to show discipline and leadership skills.
      - They usually cooperate in secret ritual or craft performances together
  - - - Most of the religions were polytheistic
        
        What were some religious beliefs of many early Africans? Animism is a belief system in which
        spirits play an important role in a daily life.
        
        Animists believe that spirits are present in animals and plants
        
        In most African religions, the supreme god was not involved in humans’ lives.
        
        nature spirits and spirits of ancestors were responsible for many of life’s events, such as a plentiful harvest or an illness.
        
        Africans did not separate religion from other areas of life.
        
        Only believe In one god
  - - - Griots are story tellers that pass the beliefs verbally
        
        Early people from north Africa moved into West Africa as desertification or the drying of the soil which forced them to find better farmland.
- - - - Deserts Unsuitable for human life and make it hard to move around.
      - Sahara and the Kalahari are the biggest deserts
      - The Sahara desert is as big as the United States
      - Small part of the Sahara consists of sand dunes
      - Every year the desert takes more and more of the southern edge of the Sahara Destert.
      - Welcoming Lands
        
        Northern coasts and southern tips have Mediterranean type climates.
        
        Because of these climates, people don't farm there
        
        most live in the savannas, a grassy plain
        
        They also include mountains and swamps
        
        The savannas cover up 40% of Africa
        
        The topsoil is very thin, when it rains it washes out the minerals.
        
        Most years they support abundant agricultural production.
        
        Why might the rain forest be called “Nature’s Greenhouse”?
        
        Answer: Because there were a lot of trees giving out oxygen and help the climate and help the Earth.
        
        https://www.4elephants.org/blog/article/four-facts-about-the-african-forests-and-wildlife
      - Another uninhabitable place is the rain forests also known as natures green house
      - the tsetse fly prevents cattle and other animals from going through because its so deadly
      - What problems might the expansion of the Sahara Cause?
        
        Answer: They were all crowded and had limited food for people.
      - https://www.globaladventurechallenges.com/journal/facts-about-sahara-desert#:~:text=The%20Sahara%20Desert%20is%20the,of%20China%20or%20the%20US!
      - Change: because people in Africa had to change the way they hunt and find places to sleep.
- - - - Grow own crops, some people move across regions for better pastures, leaving behind everything
      - Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats, except in regions of the tsetse (SEET-see) fly
      - Lived in small communities similar to Efe, but permanent structures
      - 5 Facts about the Masai
    - - The people went from hunter-gatherers to pastoralists, and eventually to making communities
        
        Pastoralists and agriculture greatly changed African culture, making living less dangerous and increasing the size of villages into cities
        
        Eventually groups started to conquer the surrounding groups that were smaller, and then centralizing the commanding governments
        
        Why would complex settlements require more government than smaller communities?
        
        Smaller settlements means simpler governing, meaning less people getting food. Bigger settlements means more people to control, and more opinions that are rivaling the leaders.
        
        The more complex settlements consisted of a village chief, a council of officials, one official from each family group in the settlement
        
        Eventually develop into great kingdoms
        
        Farming allowed permanent shelters, increased food, healthier lives, and increased birthrate
        
        By having less focus on food, more people could work metal, craft jewels, and making pottery
        
        What happened to the pastoralists of the Sahara 8,000 years ago? Why did this happen?
        
        Around 8,000 BC, the sahara turned into a savanna, but dried up around 6000 BC, causing the farmers and nomads both to go east to the Nile or south into east Africa
    - - Men
        
        Did all hunting
        
        Leader of hunting group was a respected man
      - Women
        
        Did all gathering
      - To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunter-gatherer society?
        
        That there is a consistency between the groups. The head of the group is always chosen by usefulness, and arguments are settled quickly and simply. You talk it out, and if you don't like it you go to a different group who agrees with you.
      - Efe People