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Societies in Africa, What are some possible reasons that Djenne-Djeno was…

- - - - This group also includes past generations, and future generations
        
        Societies known as "stateless societies" did not have centralized system of power
        
        Authority in stateless societies was balanced among lineages of equal power
        
        The igbo people of southern Nigeria lived in a stateless society as early as the ninth century
        
        Igbo Culture
        
        How is lineage important to stateless societies?
        
        It helps balance the power, that way the power is balanced between the Stateless Societies and Lineages. These two groups both had equal power between them. This was so one family did not have too much power.
        
        Balance: the power was balanced between the two groups
      - They are all very loyal to one another
      - Identity: they were in groups identifying who they were at this time
  - - - Patrilineal: society where they trace their ancestors through their fathers
        
        Matrilineal: society where the children trace their ancestors through their mothers
  - - - This consists of young people within a region who are born during a certain time period
        
        Some societies use this system to teach young people discipline, community service, and leadership skills
  - - - Belief systems helped them understand and organize information about their world
        
        Local religions were polytheistic
        
        Animism: a belief system in which spirits play an important role in regulating daily life
        
        Africans honored the spirits of their ancestors
        
        The supreme God was not involved in their lives, nature spirits and ancestors were responsible
        
        Led to Africans to develop religious practices and ceremonies to ask spirits of health, fertility, and wealth
        
        What were some religious beliefs of many early Africans?
        
        Many Africans believed that the supreme God was not responsible for them. They had believed the nature spirits and spirits of their ancestors were in charge of their human life events.
        
        Change: Changing from not believing in your god into believing your ancestors are there for you
  - - - Griots: storytellers that kept this history alive, passing it from parents to child
        
        Desertification: drying of the soil, forced them south to find better farmland
      - Why were oral traditions important in early Africa?
      - It was mostly the tradition of giving people a sense of place and purpose. They had storytellers to keep the history alive, passing the information from generations like parents to children.
      - Balance: having a balance of people to make the history happen
- - - - Despite this, it has a smaller coastline than Europe because of the lack of harbors and inlets.
    - - Largest of which is the Sahara in the north, which is constantly growing southward.
        
        What problems might the expansion of the Sahara cause.
        
        The growing Sahara can result in an even further lack of habitable climate due to less resources, fertile land, and water.
  - - - Resources
        
        Excessive rain creates thin topsoil lacking in natural minerals.
    - - Although dense in life, these forests are uninhabitable due to rough terrain and deadly bugs.
      - Why might the rain forest be called “Nature’s Greenhouse”?
        
        The rain forest was an area of greenery in the middle of vast terrain lacking in vegetation.
- - - - What is Slag?
  - - - Nok (Nahk)
        
        Lived in Nigeria
        
        Between Niger and Benue River
        
        Iron was a big part of their society
        
        First West African Society to use Iron
        
        Used for weapons, and farming
        
        Iron
        
        Pottery
        
        Used Terra Cotta, a reddish brown clay
        
        Sculpted Animals and people
        
        Used an elongated style
        
        Their Pottery
      - Identity
        
        Geography
        
        Innovation
        
        African Iron Working Process
        
        Mining Iron Ore
        
        Separate Iron from unwanted Materials
        
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        City-State-Country
        
        Djenne-Djeno
        
        Archaeologists found many artifacts
        
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        A city Located by the Niger River
        
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        Trade
- - - - Organization
        
        Hunting-Gatherers
        
        The Efe
        
        Lived in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formly Zaire)
        
        Live in groups between 10 to 100 members
        
        Homes are rarely permanent
        
        Search for food causes them to be nomadic
        
        Social Systems
        
        Women are the gatherers
        
        Efe men and older boys do the hunting
        
        Respected older males serve as a group leader
        
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        Trade
        
        Traded their kill and gathered items for other crops from nearby villages
        
        To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunter-gatherer society?
        
        Their strong belief in social system and social attributes relating to gender. Trade also helped them develop and get basic needs. Their large groups was mostly family.
        
        Change
        
        Herders or pastoralists
        
        Kept cattle, goats, or sheep
        
        The Masai
        
        Tanzania and southern Kenya
        
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        Measure their wealth by size of their herds
        
        Diet consist of meat, blood and milk
        
        Bands include up to 12 households, each household makes it's own decisions
    - - Began around 6000 BC
      - 8000 and 6000 BC, increased rainfall and turned into a savanna
        
        6000 BC dried up
        
        Grain grew well in savannas
        
        What happened to the pastoralists of the Sahara 8000 years ago?
        
        Migration
        
        Growing their own food
        
        Allowed for permanent structures to be created
        
        Change
        
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        To survive, they moved east into the Nile Valley or South into West Africa
        
        Began to raise cattle
        
        Experienced drought and were forced to migrate
        
        Why did this happen?
        
        The rise of solar radiation amplified the African monsoon which in turn increased heat over the Sahara and created a low pressure system