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Vertebral Column, Protection of the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and…
Vertebral Column
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Typical Vertebrae
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7 processes
TRANSVERSE PROCESS
- posterolateral processes emerging at the jx pedicles and laminae on each side
- TP of lumbar vertebrae are also called costal processes
SPINOUS PROCESS
- Single posterior midline process emerging at the junction (jx) of 2 laminae
- projects backwards and downwards
ARTICULAR PROCESS (con't)
- flat surfaces at the jx of pedicles and laminae, 2 superiorly and 2 inferiorly, they articulate with AP of the adjacent vertebrae forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joints
- the region between the superior and inferior AP at the jx of pedicle and lamina is called pars interarticularis
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Vertebral Curves
Kyphotic curve
- an anterior arch of the vertebral column
- most recognized kyphotic curve is formed by the posterior arching of the thoracic vertebrae
Lordotic curve
- A posterior arch of the vertebral column
- Most visible lordotic curve is formed by the anterior arching of the lumbar vertebrae
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- Protection of the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and associated vasculature
- Transfer of weight from the upper body to the pelvis
- Articulation(union) with the skull, ribs and pelvis
- Articulations between vertebrae allow for flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion of the trunk
- Attachment site for muscles, including the diaphragm and pelvic floor
- Main site of hematopoiesis besides the pelvis
- 26 vertebrae ( 24 individual vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
- New born has 33 vertebrae
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- responsible for weight bearing
- contains red bone marrow
- Pedicle (laterally)
- Lamina (posteriorly)
- Central space between vertebral arch and vertebral body
- All vertebral foramina together form the vertebral canal which contain: [spinal cord, nerve roots, meninges(dura, arachnoid and pia maters), blood vessels]
- 1 spinous, 2 transverse and 4 articular
- No body, only ring of bone
- Anterior and posterior arches and lateral mass
- Bumps of arches-anterior and posterior tubercles
- Has foramina transversia
- Superior articular facets to occipital bone of the skull; permits flexion-extension head movement (say Yes)
- Has peg-like odontoid process = Dens
- Joint between C1-C2 is pivot type synovial joint allows rotation; rotation( say NO)
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- Smaller bodies
- Have largest vertebral foramina to accomodate the cervical enlargement of spinal cord
- Transverse foramina/foramina transversaria ( In TP C1-C6 for vertebral arteries & veins and sympathetic fibers pass through before they entering the foramen magnum)
- Spinous process ( C2-C6)-bifid/divided for ligamentum nuchae
- C7 (vertebra prominens) has a large, easily palpable spinal process to which the ligamentum nuchae attaches
- Have a heart-shaped bodies
- All articulate with ribs
- Each side of the body bears demifacets for articulation ribs
- Demifacets on the vertebral bodies and transverse costal facets on the transverse processes articulate with the ribs to form costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints
- Have the smallest vertebra foramina, as the spinal cord is thinnest in the thoracic region
- Bodies are thick and strong to support the weight of the body
- Spinal cord terminates at approximately the level of L1
- Vertebral foramina are larger than in the thoracic region but smaller than in the cervical region
- L5 articulates with the sacral promontory
- Forms the posterior wall of pelvis
- Superior surface articulates with L5
- Inferiorly articulates with coccyx
- Is the tailbone
- Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae, articulates with the horns (cornua) of S5
- Filum terminale attaches to 1st coccyx
- Site attachment for levator ani and coccygeus muscles which form the pelvic floor( acts as a basket to support our pelvic organs ;bladder, rectum and uterus against gravity and increases in abdominal pressure
- Vertebrae, facet joints, superficial ligamenta flava and overlying skin : dorsal rami of spinal nerves
- Walls of vertebral canal, dura mater, outer annulus of intervetebral discs and deep ligamenta flava: sinuvertebral/Luschka nerves
- Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints: ventral rami of C1 and C2 nerves
- Primary curve : present at birth, thoracic and sacral (kyphotic)
- Secondary curve : Develop after birth, become lordotic due to muscular activity, cervical and lumbar (lordotic), compensatory to human's upright, bipedal posture
- A narrowing of the vertebral canal
- slipped disc = ruptured disc
- intervertebral discs are made of: fibrocartilage and jelly-like material
- If cartilage tears, jelly leaks out and pushes on spinal cord and spinal nerves
- Symptoms : numbness, pain, paralysis
- Treatment : physical therapy, surgical replacement
- Increased lumbar curvature
- Normally also seen in late stage of pregnancy
( counter balancing of heavier weight in front during pregnancy)
- Abnormal lateral curvature
- With some rotation of the vertebrae-
- Kiphoscoliosis : combination of kyphosis and scoliosis
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