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The French Revolution
The causes of the French Revolution
The influence of the Enlightenment
French intellectuals and the bourgeoisie supported Enlightenment ideas and wanted to put them into practice
The economic crisis
The French monarchy was heavily in debt
This was because of the court's excessive spending
The social crisis
The economic crisis affected each of the three estates differently
The privileged estates
Were able to maintain their income
The Third Estate
Suffered from rising taxes, since they were the only estate that paid tax
The political crisis
To improve royal finances, Louis XVI's ministers suggested that the privileged estates should pay tax
The nobility and clergy refused and demanded that the king call the Estates General
The Estate General
The spread of Enlightenment ideas
Pamphlets written by intellectuals who supported Enlightenment ideals contributed to the start of the French Revolution
The cahiers de doléances
The representatives of each estate collected the demands of their social group in documents
Most of the clergy and nobility were opposed to losing their privileges
The Third Estate demanded equality before the law and an end to the clergy and nobility's privileges
Unequal representation
In the Estates General the three estates met separately
Each estate had one vote, even though the Third Estate had twice as many representatives as the other estates
The events of the French Revolution
The National Assembly
The Third Estate asked for a new voting system in which each representative would vote individually
The king locked the National Assembly out of the Estates General, so they met at a tennis court nearby
They declared that they would not leave the tennis court until France had a constitution
The Constituent Assembly
The king agreed to the Third Estate's demands
A new Constituent Assembly was formed to write a constitution
News that troops were being sent to Versailles led to a riot in Paris on 14 July 1789, in which people attacked the Bastille
In order to solve the French state's financial problems, the Constituent Assembly confiscated and sold church property
In 1790 the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
All of these measures led to discontent among part of the clergy and to the emigration of many nobles to other European countries
Louis XVI asked Austria for support against the revolution
In 1791 the assembly approved the constitution
A constitutional monarchy
The powers of the monarch were limited by the constitutio
Limited male suffrage
Only men with certain amount of property could vote
The separation of powers
The monarch had executive power, the assembly had legislative power, and the courts had judicial power
The National Assembly also wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Legislative Assembly
Two main political groups emerged
The Girondins
Represented the interests of the wealthy bourgeoisie
The Jacobins
Represented the petite bourgeoisie
France's defeats at the hands of the European armies and Louis XVI's reluctance to accept the revolutionary changes caused unrest among the population
August 1792 the people of Paris revolted and attacked the Tuileries Palace
Louis XVI was imprisoned, the monarchy was abolished and France became a republic
The Convention
This was the most radical phase of the revolution
A new assembly called the Convention was elected with universal manhood suffrage
In 1793 the Convention agreed to execute Louis XVI for treason and he was beheaded by guillotine
The Jacobins took control of the government and imposed a dictatorship known as the Terror
The Terror
During the Terror were intended to contribute to the war that France was now fighting against its European enemies
Spain
Great Britain
Austria
Prussia
They also aimed to end internal revolts led by the counterrevolutionaries
A popular revolutionary army was formed to fight the war against France's European enemies
There was widespread repression of counterrevolutionaries: anyone suspected of opposing the revolution could be executed
The Constitution of 1793 was adopted
The Law of Maximum was adopted
The Directory and the Consulate
The moderate deputies overthrew the Jacobins in 1794 and in 1795 they adopted a new constitution
In 1799 General Napoleon Bonaparte organised a military coup. He aimed to restore peace at home and abroad
The power and influence of the army increased as a result of the continuing foreign war
The French Revolutionary Wars were fought in order to stop the French Revolution from spreading to other European countrie
What was it?
It was a period of violent political and social change
Which saw the abolition of the absolute monarchy and the end of the estates system of the Ancien Régime
