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1: Genesis of a Community - Coggle Diagram
1: Genesis of a Community
Tracing a community
key elements/characteristics
Deaf = ASL & normality
new identity = sociological, economic, cultural features
Deaf Communities 19th C
Henniker, NH
Martha's Vineyard, MA
Sandy River, ME
Seeds vs. Roots; seeds = germination; throughout generations/community
Visual / Gestural communication; since early 1600's
Deaf people = differences, experiences, business, marriage, etc.
17th C.
deafness among Am Indians documented; later, Wampanoag in R.I.
Andrew Brown - 1636 - Irish, educated, signing man converted and sailed to New World to practice Protestant Religion; ship returned to Ulster
Nora Groce; MV community
deaf, blind, phys disabilities = colonists saw as the natural concerns of the family, community, or church; not the state
PA - 1676 - colony provided for assistance of mentally disabled individual
Puritans theological beliefs influence; witchcraft? curing? viewed afflictionas God's chastisement for sin
preacher saw his own stuttering as something that would guide him
Mass - 1684 - deaf Isaac Kilbourne - permitted to marry Mary Newbury
166 - marriage b/w 2 deaf people Mtthew Pratt & Sarah Hunt; signschildren learned to sepeak with eyes and hands
Land owners in Mass colonies = deaf people
Lambert - land in MV; slave ship master, raised a familiy, transported prisoners; 2 deaf children = first known cases of congenital deafness on MV
Pg 6 "influx to the New World of emigrants carrying a gene for deafness from the Weald in Kent to Scituate, near Plymouth and Cape Cod Bay, has been one of the better documented phenomena of the deaf experience in the American Colonies"
Rebecca Nurse - deaf woman executed; Salem; witchcraft = deafness as an affliction/proof; age 70, hung by church
18th C
1730's - periodicals about the colonies; benjamin franklin; eucation of deaf children
stories about deaf people speaking, reading
deaf people headed families, conducted businesses, religious activity
Virginia 1784Reverend Lee, Methodist, recorded spoken speech in someone who was deaf and mute
Family of Andrew Moore, Sign language, productive family, illustrates that deafness not nec an impediment to a full life, even prior to educational opportunities
Joseph Moore, farm, Quaker; understood by use of signs/language
Jeremiah Moore, deaf mute, millwrighting, kept account book, drew pictures
Jacob Moore: cabinet maker, beekeeper;
American Indians and sign language: Lewis and Clark gesture speech witnessed; gestures and signs used
fingerspelling "Dumb speech" = carry on a secret conversation
Attempts at tutoring: scarce records; individual tutoring; pg 10
Nahum Brown, moved to Henniker, NH, farmer, married a h. woman, she interpreted his sign, 2 deaf children
Velvedere plantation; Harrower, may have known Braidwood in Edinburgh; tutored deaf adolescent
James Rumsey, deaf son recd gold medal commemorative for father; 'talented, ingenious, ready, dexterous"
Revolutionary War
"Deaf and Dumb Jimmy" - kidnapped by Indians, rescued 20 years later; unknown if comm with family o r captives
Salisbury, VT, Joshua Graves; exempted from military duty becasue of deafness; captured in 1777 by Indians
deafness from artillery and disease were common; civilians, as well
Formal Ed of Deaf children
private instruction if families were wealthy
Braidwood Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland
John Bolling, Thomas and Mary Booking; Charles Green;
private in the colonies
William Mercer; painting; John Brewster - painting, folkart
Scientific Societies
foundation on whick Gallaudet and Clerc built formal education for deaf children in US
Europe - longstanding interest in education of deaf Children
Scientists/philosophers who explored deaf children's learning
John Wallis
Robert Boyle
William Holder
Kenelm Digby
Georges Buffon
Charles Marie de La Condamine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Goodricke, deaf, astronomy
Charles Bonnet, scientist to study parthenogenesis
Others: page 16: Fontenay - deaf since birth - meteorology; Amontons - one of first profoundly deaf to author a book
Americans & Europeans - interactions
Frances Green
1781 - letter written from Green regarding progress of student at Braidwood Academy
published "Voice Made Subject to the Eyes" - 1784&1785
Green helped to establish school for deaf children - London 1792
translated many works of de l"epee
AGB wrote about him - page 17; earliest American writer on the subject, first to urge education of deaf in US, pioneer-promoter of free schools for the deaf, first parent of a deaf child to plead for the education of all deaf children
Benjamin Franklin & John Quincy Adams
aware of educators of the deaf in Europe
explained not only to sign, but to read and write and comprehend
William Thornton's treatise on elements fo teaching speech and language to deaf students
inventor, architect, patent office director, social causes
provocative on deaf ed
phonological basis for reading
vocabulary building
methods for communicating with deaf
Conclusion: evidence of deaf individuals in 17th and 18th centureis across all walks of life
including slave trade, disenfranchisement of native people, mainstream, religious, business, family, education
visual/gestural languages
married deaf people communicating with families, signs, writing letters on hands,
Stokoe, research for ASL= some influence on f=French signs from native signs already existing in the U.S.
varieties of ASL/sign ; communities; influences of British signs, fingerspelling, Indian signs, tactile communication, home signs