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Macronutrients by the human body
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Macronutrients by the human body
Digestion
It is the degradation of food and useless molecular structures with the help of digestive enzymes that are secreted in the gastric and pancreatic juices being also present in the apical membrane of epithelial cells
Protein
- Its degradation begins in saliva with the enzyme to degrade it is amylase and is completed in the small intestine with pancreatic and brush border proteases
- They are digested into forms that the body can absorb (amino acids, di, and tripeptides)
Lipids
- This degradation begins with saliva by the lingual lipase enzyme to later continue with the degradation in the pancreas
- Different substances are involved in digestion:
-Gastric lipase-cholecystokinin -bile salts -lisolecithin -pancreatic enzymes
Carbohydrates
- Its degradation begins in saliva with the enzyme to degrade it is amylase
- To be digested, carbohydrates are degraded to monosaccharides so that epithelial cells can be absorbed as glucose, galactose or fructose
Absorption
It is the movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the intestinal lumen to the blood
Protein
L-amino acids are transported from the lumen to the cells thanks to the cotransport action of the apical membrane.
Lipids
Glycerol turns into micelles
Triglycerides, some free fatty acids, cholesterol, and other lipid-related substances coat with proteins to form triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, also called low-density lipoproteins.
Carbohydrates
- Glucose and galactose are absorbed by mechanisms involving sodium-dependent cotransport while fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion
- Are absorbed through the apical membrane by secondary active transport mechanisms similar to those seen at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule
Metabolism
Protein
From the fatty acids, obtained from the digestion of lipids in the diet, several possible metabolic pathways are presented that are detailed below:
They are the raw material for the synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.
The liver converts cholesterol into bile salts.
Lipids
From the fatty acids, obtained from the digestion of lipids in the diet, there are several ways
Possible metabolic rates listed below:
They are the raw material for the synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.
The liver converts cholesterol into bile salts.
Carbohydrates
From glucose, a product of the digestion of carbohydrates in the diet, different metabolic pathways that are detailed in the following scheme:
It is released into the bloodstream.
It is a raw material for the synthesis of pentoses and other sugars following the pentose phosphate route.
It is stored as glycogen through Glycogenesis