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VERBS AND VERB PHRASE - Coggle Diagram
VERBS AND VERB PHRASE
TYPES OF VERB
Lexical
Regular lexical verbs
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The -ing form
push~pushing
/l/ syllabic before the inflection
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The -s form
/iz/ after bases ending in the voiced or voiceless sibilants and spelled -ed unless the base already ends in -e.
/z/ and spell -s after bases ending in other voiced sounds
/s/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiceless sounds
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The past and the -ed participle
/id/ after bases ending in /t/ and /d/
/d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other than /d/
/t/ after bases ending in voiceless sound other than /t/
Further inflectional spelling rules
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Doubling of consonant
re doubled before inflections beginning with a vowel letter and spelled with a single letter or two letters.
EXCEPTIONS:
Bases ending in certain consonants are doubled also after single unstressed vowels
BrE as sistinct from AmE breaks the rule with respect to certain other consonants also.
:red_flag:Treatment of
In bases ending in a consonant + y the following changes ocur before inflections that do not begin with i
In bases ending in -ie the -ie replaced by y before the -ing inflection
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Final -e dropped before the -ing and the -ed inflections
Irregular lexical verbs
Irregular lexical verbs differ from regular verb
do not have a /d/ or /t/ inflection or break the rule for a voiced inflection
have variation in their base vowel
have a varying number of distinct forms
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V-ed is identical with V-ed2
Suffixation is used but voicing is variable
Vowel identity in all parts
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V-ed is identical with V-ed2
Suffixation is used but voicing is variable
Change of bas vowel
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All three parts V, V-ed and V-ed2 are identical
No suffix or change of the base vowel
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V-ed is identical with V-ed2
No suffixation
Change of the base vowel
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V-ed is regular: V-ed2 has two forms: regular nd nasal
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V-ed and V-ed 2 are irregular, the latter always suffixed and usually with -(e)n
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V-ed and V-ed2 are irregular, there is no suffixation but there is always some vowel change
Auxiliary
The auxiliaries do, have, be
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DO
present, past
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HAVE
base, -s form, past, -ing form, -ed participle
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BE
base, -ing form, -ed participle present, past(1st/3rd person-singular ; 2nd person/ 1st and 3 person - plural)
The modal auxiliaries
Marginal modal auxiliaries
Used to-infinitive and occurs only in the past tense.
May take the do-construction in case the spelling didn't used to and didn't use to both occur.
Finite and non-finite verb phrase
have tense distinction
occur as the verb element of a clause. Concord is particularly overt with be
have mood
non-finite form are the infinitive, the -ing participle and the -ed participle.
MODAL
: followed by an infinitive
PERFECTIVE
: followed by an -ed form
PROGRESSIVE
followed by an-ing form
PASSIVE
followed by an -ed form
Contrasts expressed in the verb phrase
Voice involving the active-passive relation
Questions requiring subject movement involve the use of an auxiliary as opera
Negation makes analogous use of the operators
Emphasis frequently carried by the operator
Imperatives as in "Go home, John; You go home John"
Modal past
Just as
was
could replace
were
in "If I were rich"
Other modal or quasimodal uses of the past are illustrated by
Verb forms and the verb phrase
the BASE , the -S FORM, the PAST, the -ING PARTICIPLE, and the -ED PARTICIPLE
Irregular lexical verb forms (put, puts, putting) (be, am, is are, was, were, being, been)
The modal auxiliaries (not having infinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle or imperative.
Tense, aspect, and mood
TENSE AND ASPECT
present
:
Timeless expressed with the simple present present
Limited expressed with the present progressive
Instantaneous expressed with either the simple or the progressive form
past
:
An action in the past may be seen
as having taken place at a particular point of the time
over a period if the latter the period may be seen as
(a) extending up to the present
(b) relating only to the past, if the latter, it maybe viewed as
(i) having been completed
(ii) not having be completed
the past and the perfective
: not the time specified in the sentence but the period relevant to the time specified that must extend to the present
past perfect
: the point of current relevance to which the past perfect extends is a point in the past
the past and the progressive
used with the past specifies the limited duration of an action
the perfect progressive
limited duration current relevance can be jointly expressed with the perfect progressive.
The future
Will and Shall
will or 'll +infinitive in all person
shall + infinitive (in 1st person only, chiefly BrE)
Be going to + infinitive
used chiefly with personal subjects
present progressive
frequently with dynamic transitional verbs
simple present
used in subordinate clauses that are conditional or temporal
will/shall +progressive used together with the progressive infinitive
be to + infinitive express arrangement, command, contingent future
be about to infinitive express near future
FUTURE IN THE PAST
Auxiliary verb construction
be going to + infinitive
past progressive
be to + infinitive
be about to
Verbal meaning and the progressive
[A]
DYNAMIC
activity verbs
process verbs
verbs of bodily sensation
transitional event verbs
momentary verbs
[B]
STATIVE
verbs of inert perception and cognition
relational verbs
MOOD
the subjunctive
the mandative subjunctive
the formulaic subjunctive
the subjunctive
were
is hypothetical
The uses of the modal auxiliaries
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CAN
ability
permission
theoretical possibility
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COULD
past ability
present or future permission
present possibility
contingent possibility in unreal conditions
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MAY
permission
possibility (usually factual)
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MIGHT
permission (rare)
possibility (theoretical or factual)
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SHALL
willingness on the part of the speaker in 2nd and 3rd person. Restricted used
intention on the part of the speaker only in 1st person
insistence. Restricted used / legal and quasi-legal injunction
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SHOULD
obligation and logical necessity
putative use after certain expressions
contingent use
in rather formal real conditions
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WILL
willingness
intention
insistence, stressed, hence no 'll contraction
prediction
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WOULD
willingness
insistence
characteristic activity in the past
contingent use in the main clause of a conditional sentence
probability
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MUST
obligation or compulsion
(logical) necessity
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OUGHT TO
obligation; logical necessity or expectation
THE TEANSE OF MODALS
The usual past tense of may denoting permission is
could
The following modals are not used in the past sense except in reported speech: must, ought to, need
THE MODALS AND ASPECT
The perfective and progressive aspects are normally excluded when the modal express "ability" or "permission".
"shall/will" express "volition", freely used.