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Plant Biotic Interactions - Coggle Diagram
Plant Biotic Interactions
Fig trees and fig wasp relationship:
Maintaining mutualism and deterring cheaters
parts
1) Tile
2) what will be covered
3) introduction to figs
monoicous, dioecious and pathogenesis (self)
range and habit
4) fig pollination - how
basic life cycle
definition of obligate mutualist
5) cheaters
5.2 gynodioecious
5.1. monoicous
6) host sanctions
7) conclusions drawn from papers
about how the figs cope
the cospeciation
structure
1125 word max on script
15 MINUTES + 5 minute questions
for professional graduate audience
slide numbers clearly visable
who
Fig wasp species
life cycle
#
Females laden with eggs enter a fig through the ostiole
in monoecious this will be a hermaphrodite flower
in gynodioicous this is could be either a carpifig (hermaph but acting as male) or a female fig
ovipositor length matters
development of longer ovipositer to compete with the longer flower styles.
belong to the super family Chalcidoidea. Those that are pollinators belong to the family Agonidea while those that are non-pollinators (eg parasite wasps) belong to other families and groups. but all those belonging to Chalcidoidea rely on figs for their lifecycle (the larval stages).
nonpollinators /cheaters?
:question: are all nonpolinators considered cheaters?
active and passive pollinators
active
where females will collect up pollen activley in pouches?? so as to pollinate the flowers of the fig she enters, this will prevent the fig tree dropping that fruit due to no pollination
passive where there are large numbers of male flowers and the female wasps have to puch past them to leave the fig
Fig tree species
natural range
pan tropics - southern hemisphere
anatomy of the flowers
wasps can lay eggs in female flowers overies if it has a short sytle. Long styled flowers prevent this and female wasp cannot lay.
monoecious figs will have female flower in the middle part and male flowers in the opening (ostiole)
for gynodioecious the hermapherotdite figs are called caprifig and provide pollen to pollinate the souley female fig trees (wasps that pollinate these female figs loose out as they cannot lay eggs and reproduce??)
:question: can there be cheater that get round this
they look like fruit but are not they are
drupaceous
(drupe like but not actually fruit) but actually an inverted inflorescence with a fleshy ... that swells as seeds ripen?
types
Monoecious (both sexes on same plant)
gynodioecious (hermaphrodite but functinally male trees and female trees)
parthenocarpic
typically seen in cultivated verieties with the ancestor Ficus carica
importance to biodiversity
all year round fruit (2 or 3 times)
home for other species
also include some of the negative figs ie strangler fig.
How
relationship
benifits
any downfalls that encourage cheating
interaction
cospeciation
great example but studies using phylogenetics? genetic analysis of various fig wasps and their fig host indicate that its not so cut and dry. There more to this relationship through the year of evolution. Hybridisation in figs may have cause host shifting in wasps as well as ......
Sympatric speciation???
Sympatric speciation is speciation that occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species.
here
Studies suggest this could be one method in which the wasp species diversified leading to multiple wasps per host.
host specificity
:!?: ovipositor length and ostiole diameter?
chemicals ???
do related fig produce same/similar chemicals attractants
could similar or related species of fig produce same or similar chemicals and this is what attracts a species of wasp to more then one species of fig.
perhaps the diversity and number of wasps visiting a single fig species maybe due to the chemicals they produce to attract the wasps
attractants
organic volatile chemicals produced by the secretion of latex ??
cheaters
where the fig is the cheater as it can be pollinated by multiple species of wasp at same time
what and how are wasp cheaters
ie they are not carrying pollen then tree can sense this and dump the fruit ( how ) including the wasp larva inside.
:question: numerous wasps (sometimes 2-3 species) laying inside the same fruit, only some need to bring in pollen for the plant to not drop the fig. :
fig and wasp species that have passive pollination rarly see cheaters/ non-pollination and those that do, make little difference so the figs dont have host sanctions other then the dropping of unpollinated fruit.
Deterrents
also known as host sanctions
the absistion of unpollinated fruit is the bigone
allows the plant to stop putting effort and recourses into unbenifical processes - reallocation of resourses to a pollinated fig
in gynodioecious figs
Male fig (caprifig) will either abort fig or inact a fittness cost on offspring of foundresses that corrilates possitily with the number of foundresses present. (Zhang et al, 2019)
female figs are the ones that produce the fig seeds so have a higher percentage of fruit abscission in reaction to no/or little pollinations (Zhang et al, 2019)
monocious
mostly pollinated passivly which is very hard to avoid but if no pollination occurs that fruit is abscised ((Zhang et al, 2019)
keywords
obligate mutualism
speciation
sympatic speciation
allopatric
co-evolution
species specific
specific-mutualism
host specificity
can be high (pollinating wasps
can be low (nonpollinating wasps)
hybridisation in figs
host sanctions (ie the host response to cheaters)
selective investment.(by fig to their influences as sanctions to punish cheaters)
syconium as a microcosm
Exam
Main points
Critically evaluate
"'critically evaluate', you must provide your opinion or verdict on whether an argument, or set of research findings, is accurate. "
Explain
Explain - Explain how or why something happened." and make sure to reference to back up explanation
Discuss
"Discuss - Write about a topic in detail, taking into account different ideas, and where appropriate different opinions."
Critically appraise
"Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context."
Reflect on...
look back on instead of making predictions, analyses what has been...
Critically Discuss :
critically discuss” asks you to examine the rationale for the topic. You are required to demonstrate an understanding of the subject, where and when it applies or does not apply, and, the evidence in favour or against."
or "requires you to weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of a theory, concept (or work of some sort), and write about this in detail – taking into account various relevant issues and viewpoints."
Describe
Describe - Give an accurate and factual account
Compare
"Compare - Look closely at two or more things and look at the similarities and differences"
Contrast
"Contrast - Look at two things and focus on the differences"
Topics
PLant - insect interactions
ants ? as defence and protector?
Adpatations and relationships
Pollinator
herbivore defence
PLant-Pathogen interactions
Plant -fungi
Use for protecting crops
Zig-zag model for interactions?
Management practices such as in gardens and farming
PLant defences
detections and responses to pathogen attack
detection and responses to physical /herbivory
direct and indirect responces
:question: effector secretion pathways :question:
biochemical of physical
PLant-fungi interactions
Can be pathogen
#
Mycorrhizal - interaction with plant through root system and benefits
potential use of beneficial mycorrhizal
symbiotic relationship types for all interactions - have examples :!:
Parasitic plants
how they interact with host
chemical exchnage?
Plant bacterial interactions through nitrogen fixations
host plant regulation
how it works
products /benefits
future application through selective breeding of GMO
section 1
purpose of ecological restoration in biodiversity conservation
what is ecological restoration
some quick examples
protecting ecocsystem services
biodiversity conservation
why
how protect it
how it can prevent species extinction
by protecting habitat as a whole can protect the niches and communites within
niche availability
keystone species?
want to keep species biodiversity as ecosystem function they help produce
how it can improve integraty of habitats
restoring links bewteen fragmented habitat, can alow species movment and increase genetic diversity. more stable
expanding exisiting habitats - reduces ...edge effect and isolation ?
monitoring exiting habitats can ensure any issue could be resolved early
functinallity issue and challanges
range of current techniques for restoration
creation of corridors - networks of fragmented habitats = working around land used by humans eg agriculture
issue from landowners
may not always be possible
restoring degraded habitats = active planting of new plants - collecting from wild growing in captivity to ensure survival then releasing back to where they came from
think of ecossystem services of sea grass and projects restoring it.
rewilding = reintroduction of native species or a similar species to fill a ecological niche
eg preditor species
idea is to restore the habitat to self-sustaining like yellow stone?
could be most effective in large areas that can be dedicated to the project = smaller areas less possible perticulary fragmented ones.
monitoring of biological indicators
section 2