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Globalisation and crime - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation and crime
Green crime
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According to South there are 2 types -
- Primary = crime that results directly from destruction of the earth's resources (air pollution, deforestation)
- Secondary = crimes that result from the disregard of rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters (state violence against oppositional groups such as green peace)
Explanations -
Global risk society
Beck argues that developments in tech creates risks such as global warming and climate change
- Smog is democratic = pollution from any country affects the entire world
- In 2010, Russia suffered a heatwave linked to global warming = wildfires that destroyed grain crops = increased in the price of grain for other countries who buy from Russia = 30% price increase in price of bread and other products
:check: smog is democratic meaning it can affect everyone regardless of race, class or gender which highlights the importance of studying green crime
:red_cross: Difficult to establish all events and disasters as being manufactured, heatwave in Russia may not have been due to global warming
Green criminology
- White argues that criminologists should investigate any action that harms the physical environment and humans/non humans within it
- Green criminology = focuses on any act that damages the environment, laws are irrelevant, most green crimes are not illegal (driving a car and polluting the earth)
- It involves zemiology (the study of social harms) and focuses on realistic global picture of how we are damaging the environment
- Adopt an ecocentric view that sees humans and their environment as interdependent so that environmental harm also hurt humans
White says the government adopts an anthropocentric view which means the humans are the priority and the environment doesn't matter
:red_cross: Ignores the changes that some governments and companies have made to try and reduce emissions and environmental damage
Marxist views
- South argues that environmental discrimination occurs, environmental hazards are perceived to be greatest in porximity to poor people
- Ruling class will continue to exploit the environment through various ecocide in the pursuit of profit
- Historically, factories which spew pollutant have been built near districts inhabited by the poor
:check: Bhopal gas disaster in 1994, a cloud of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from the union carbide pesticide plant, 10,000 deaths in first 3 days
:red_cross: Some argue that enough is being done to tackle green crime, in the UK, the largest growth in legal definitions of new crimes revolve around environmental issues, not the case that ruling class are getting their way
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Globalisation
Glenny's concept of McMafia referring to the criminal organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall in communism
Under communism, Soviet state had regulated prices of everything but after the fall of c = Russian Gov deregulated most sectors of the economy except for natural resources (oil) these commodities remained at old soviet union prices so anyone with the funds could buy oil, gas, diamonds etc for a small amount and sell them for a large amount who then became Russia's new capitalist class 'oligarchs'
:red_cross: Glenny is a BBC journalist, not a sociologist
Hobbs and Dunnigham argues that crime now works as a 'glocal' system as it has global connections but is locally based - operate from specific locality but maintain international links
Indiv = need local contacts + networks to find opp to sell drugs so form of organisations varies from place to place
Changes associated with globalisation have led to changes in patterns of crime
:red_cross: It's not clear that patterns are new or that the older structures disappeared - the 2 may have always co-existed
Global criminal economy -
Trafficking of women and children often linked to prostitution/slavery - upto half a million people trafficked to western Europe annually
cyber crimes including identity theft and child pornography
smuggling of legal goods like alcohol sold abroad to evade taxes + stolen cars sold on foreign markets
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