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Alcohol - Coggle Diagram
Alcohol
Oxidation
Primary Alcohol + oxidising agent -> aldehyde
secondary alcohol + oxidising agent -> ketone
oxidising agents are KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7
K2Cr2O7: Orange to Green
KMnO4: Purple to Colorless
Conditions
Oxidising agents need to be acidified (dliute H2SO4 may be used)
heated under reflux
Created by
Hydrolysis of an ester
With acid
Ester + H2O
Req: Heat
With alkali
Ester + NaOH
This is a reversible reaction
Catalyst used is Dilute acid
Reduction of aldehyde
Reducing agents are NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Aldehyde + 2H
Reduction of Ketone
Reducing agents used are NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Ketone + 2H
Reduction of carboxylic acids
Reducing agents used are NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Carboxylic Acid + hydrogen
Req: H2 (g) and heat
Electrophilic addition of Alkene
Alkene + H2O -> Alcohol
Catalyst used is H3PO4
Conditions: 300C° and 6 MPa
Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkane + NaOH -> Alcohol + Salt
Conditions: heated under reflux, in sealed container
Substitution
With HX
Alcohol + HX -> halogenoalkane + water
With PCl3
Alcohol + PCl3 -> Halogenoalkane + H3PO4
Requires heat
With PCl5
Alcohol + PCl5 -> Halogenoalkane + HCl + POCl3
With SOCl2
Alcohol + SOCl2 -> Halogenoalkane + HCl + SO2
Dehydration
Alcohol -> Alkene + H2O
Requires heat
Al2O3 is used as a catalyst
Iodoform test
Alcohol + Oxidising agent -> Ketone
Ketone + I2 + NaOH -> RCOONa +Iodoform
Observation: Yellow Precipitate
Esterification
Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester
S2SO4 or H3PO4 as the catalyst
Conditions: heated under reflux
Examples
Reaction with reactive metal
Alcohol + metal -> metal alcoxide + H2
metal ion replaces the H in -OH
Combustion
Alcohol + O2 -> H2O + CO2
