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Ketones - Coggle Diagram
Ketones
How to make ketones?
- Oxidation of secondary alcohols
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Requirements:
- Oxidising agent is solution of K2Cr2O7 acidified with dilute H2SO4
- Must be heated with a secondary alcohol
Noteworthy Observations:
- Reaction mixture will change colors; from orange to green.
- Oxidation of Alkenes with hot, concentrated, KMnO4 if the carbon is bonded to two alkyl groups
Reduction of Ketones
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Requirements:
- Reducing agent is usually aqueous alkaline solution of sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4) or lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (LiAlH4) in dry ether.
- If NaBH4 is used, ketone must be warmed with an aqueous alkaline solution of NaBH4.
- If LiAlH4 is to be used, make sure to add dissolved LiAlH4 in a dry ether like diethyl ether at room temperature.
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Tollen's Reagant
What is Tollen's Reagant?
- Aqueous solution of AgNO3 in excess ammonia solution.
Requirements and Observations:
- Ketone must be warmed with Tollen's Reagant
- No color change, remains as colorless mixture, as there is no reaction occuring
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Fehling's Solution
What is Tollen's Reagant?
- Alkaline solution containing Cu2+ ions, which act as an oxidising agent that when reduced to Cu+, will turn the clear blue solution to opaque red/orange.
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Requirements and Observations:
- Ketone must be warmed with Fehling's Solution
- No color change, solution remains clear blue