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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Dz of the Nasal Cavity
CAT FLU
main pathogens: FHV-1, FCV and less commonly chlamydia psittaci, boretella bronchiseptica
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prevention: routine vaccination and boosting before high risk situations (boarding) or every three years
treatment: long term ABs 4-6wks, expectorants/mucolytics, airway humidification
CSx and Hx: lots of nasal dischars, conjunctivitis, persistent sneezing.
PEx revelasfeline corenal sequestrum (characteristic lesion)
source of infection: virus persists in trigeminal ganglie and intermittent shedding
treatment: famciclovir
FCV: depressed, wet fur around faces, conjunctivitis and oral ulcerations
there can be high, medium or low level continuous shedders; shed from tonsils/oropharynx for lifetime or <3mo
chlamydia felis: sevre conjunctivitis, initially unilateral and then becomes bilateral.
more cases resolve in 3-4 weeks without AB therapy; use doxy if needed
Nasal Cryptococcus
Cryptococcuse neoformans, C.gatti
CSx
- rhinitis w/ haemorrhagic discharge
- facial distortion
- turbinate lysis
- concurrent CNS, ocular, dermatological signs
Dx
ORGANISM ID
- cytology, histology, culture
- +ve latex agglutination test
Rx
- amphotericin B (is nephrotoxic)
- flucytosin (+ amph B is CNS involvement)
- fluconazole (mild-mod)
- itraconazole
- ketoconazole (more adverse effects)
Px
GOOD when not accompanied by severe morbidity or CNS/ocular involvement
Nasal Aspergillosis
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CSx
- chronic uni/bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, with blood
- ulceration and depigmentation of the nare and nasal planum
- pain on palpation of the maxilla and/or nares
Dx
- signalment/hx/PE
- RADS or CT
- rhinoscopy, cytology, histology
- serology: Se 67%, Sp 98%. PPV 98%, NPV 84%.
+/- culture
Rx
- debride visible plaques via endoscopy
- topical 1% clotrimazole; leave it for 1 hours and repeat in 2-3 weeks if still showing CSx
- admin PO itraconazole for 60-90d
lower success if used on their own
if in combination with debridement, topical and oral = better chance of success
NEEDS TO BE AGGRESSIVE
Neoplasia
DOG
adenocarincoma, SCC > other carcinomas > fibrosarcoma > lymphocarcoma
destructive lesions of turbinates, vomer, maxilla
radiography: bondy destruction and replacement with ST
rx:
currettage +/- radiotherapy +/- chemotherapy
CAT
lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma
Dz of Pharynx and Larynx
Brachycephalic Syndrome
stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, trachal hypoplasia, redundant pharyngeal mucosal folds. everted laryngeal ventricles/laryngeal collapseclassic clinical presentation:
respiratory stridor for many months, symptoms exacerbated suddenly via STRESS, INCREASED PHYSICAL ACITIVTY AND HEAT >>> dyspnoeapre-operative considerations: premed dexamethasone, nasotracheal tube treatment
- restrict exercise, excitement, over-heating
- weight control
- surgery: soft palate resection, everted laryngeal saccule resection
EARLIER INTERVENTION IS BETTER
Laryngeal paralysis
failure of ABduction of arytenoid cartilages during inspiration, mostly an idiopathic neuropathy
older large breed dodgs
BOTH SIDES NEEDS TO AFFECTED TO CAUSE CSX!!!!
CSx
- weak/absent/altered/high pitch bark
- coughing
- stridor
- exacerbated in hot weather, excitement, painful for another reason
Dx
laryngoscope with very very light sedation; do not anaesthetise unless you or a coworker can fix it!!!!further diagnostics:
- chest and neck radiographs
- serum biochemistry incl T4
+/- EMG, nerve conduction velociites, ANA, anti-ACh receptor Ab test, barium study
Rx
crisis = cooling, sedating, rehydrate, intubate
Px
pretty good, median survivial 1800d post sx
Nasopharyngeal polyps
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Rx
- traction
+/- ventral bulla oesteotomy, pred, Abs
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