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The Changes of Aging in the Older Adult, Cross Link. Type 1 Diabetes is an…

- - - - pathophysiology
        
        A stimulus causes the release of chemical mediators within the body. These chemical mediators causes bronchospasm, edema, and increased mucus production. These together lead to an increased airway resistance and obstruction of the airflow.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        In chronic bronchitis the airway becomes inflamed and narrow. Mucus formation also occurs which continues to obstruct the airway.
- - - - Pathophysiology
        
        Inadequate cardiac output causes an increase in blood volume within vascular system. Venous system congestion occurs and interferes with movement of the bodies fluids. This results in edema.
    - - Pathophysiology
        
        Arteries become thick and hardened which leads to restriction of blood flow to the body.
- - - - Pathophysiology
        
        DNA is damaged within cells which prevents them from undergoing detoxification. Oxidation occurs which leads to inflammation of the squamous epithelium. This irritation becomes chronic which causes in situ malignant transformation.
    - - Pathophysiology
        
        In older adults dysphagia is caused by the normal affects of aging. Factors that cause dysphagia include the delayed onset of the pharyngeal swallow and upper esophageal sphincter relaxation during swallowing.
- - - - Bacteria enters the urethra causing inflammation of the lining of the urinary tract. Which triggers the micturition reflex. Leading to the common signs and symptoms of a UTI such as frequency and urgency.
  - - - Antigen antibody complex is deposited in the glomerulus. This caused an increased production of epithelial cells lining the glomerulus. Leukocytes enter the glomerulus causing thickening of the glomerular filtration membrane. Scaring and loss of glomerular filtration membrane occur leading to a decreased GFR.
- - - - Flattening of the labia
      - Loss of subcutaneous fat and hair
      - Atrophy of the Vulva
      - Thinning of vaginal epithelium
      - More alkaline vaginal environment
      - Drier vaginal environment
      - Atrophy of cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
      - Shortening and straightening of fallopian tubes
      - Decrease in size of uterus and ovaries
      - Less firm breasts due to replacement of mammary glands by fat
      - Retraction of the nipples
      - Fibrosis and calcification of the terminal ducts
    - - Reduction in sperm count
      - Thinner epithelium in the seminal vesicles
      - Increased fibrosis, thinning of the epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane, and narrowing of the lumen in seminiferous tubules
      - Testicular atrophy
      - Reduction in testicular mass
      - Possible slight decrease in testosterone
      - Increased time for erection
      - Enlargement of the prostate gland
  - - - pathophysiology
        
        Often caused by sexual activity that leads to infection with HPV. HPV will then enter into the basal layer of the cells infecting them.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        Introduction of pathogens into the vaginal flora and changes in the vaginal environment which allows the proliferation of pathogens lead to an alteration of the vaginal flora.
- - - - Pathophysiology
        
        Overexpression of matrix degrading enzymes causing degradation with loss of collagen and proteoglycans. With progression of the disease repair is not able to happen and cartilage degradation continues. Large erosions become visible
    - - Pathophysiology
        
        Deficiencies of hormones, vitamin D, and calcium lead to rapid bone turnover and reduced osteoblast formation.
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        The striatum portion of the basal ganglia receives an inadequate amount of nigral cells which causes a person to lost control of movements.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        Hypertension leads to an increased intracranial pressure. This causes high blood pressure within the cerebral vessels. The high pressure causes the cerebral vessels to break down. This leads to cerebral hemorrhage.
- - - - pathophysiology
        
        There is an alteration in the secretion and metabolism of hypothalamic pituitary and gonadal hormones. This causes an excess secretion of thyroid hormone which causes the signs and symptoms of tachycardia and increased cardiac output.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        A deficiency of iodine for thyroid or thyroid stimulating hormone leads to decreased levels of thyroid hormone in the body.
- - - - pathophysiology
        
        The skin comes into contact with irritating materials. These materials cause inflammation and irritation of epidermal endings. Histamine is released which causes more intense itching. The cycle continues as the person continues to itch.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        Benign proliferation of immature keratinocytes causes the presentation of round or oval macules on the skin. It is thought to involve the genes FGFR3 and PIK3CA.
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        An increased intraocular pressure causes retinal ganglion cells axons to undergo mechanical stress which alters protein transport and reduces blood supply to the retina leading to ischemia.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        Lens proteins within the eye begin to clump together. This causes the ability of the lens to refract light to be reduced causing decreased visual acuity.
- - - - pathophysiology
        
        Genetic predisposition and environmental factors lead to destruction of beta cells within the body accompanied by decreased insulin secretion.
    - - pathophysiology
        
        Genetic factors and environmental factors interact causing multiple immune system defects. This leads to the creation of auto- antibodies and auto reactive T cells.