Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Macromolecules
Nucleic Acid
Common elements found in nucleic acids
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Sub-Unit
All nucleic acids are made up of the same building blocks (monomers). Chemists call the monomers "nucleotides.
Uses and functions
Nucleic acids function to create, encode, and store biological information in cells, and serve to transmit and express that information inside and outside the nucleus.
Nitrogenous base
A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).
Labeled diagram
Sugar
a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose,
Distinction between DNA and RNA
DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded.
Phoshate
Phosphate is a charged particle (ion) that contains the mineral phosphorus.
Types of a Nucleic Acid
RNA
DNA
Carbohydrates
Common elements found and the ratio they are found in
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and only those elements with a few exceptions. The ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate molecules is 1:2:1
Uses and Functions
Carbohydrates: The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses
Basic Sub-Unit
The basic monomers subunits of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides.
Types of Carbohydrates
Fibers
a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed.
Starches
arch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other solvents.
Sugars
a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose
Figures of the molecules
Protein
Subunits
The subunits for proteins are amino acid monomers
Components if the sub-unit
Amino Group
Amino acids, are often referred to the building blocks of proteins, compounds are many critical roles in your body. They're needed for vital processes like the building of proteins and synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
Carboxyl group
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are used in the production of polymers, biopolymers, coatings, adhesives, and pharmaceutical drugs. They also can be used as solvents, food additives, antimicrobials, and flavorings.
R-Group
Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific side chain, known as the R group. It also is attached to carbon. The R groups have a variety of shapes, sizes, charges, and reactivities. This allows amino acids to be grouped according to the chemical properties of their side chains.
Uses and Fuctions
Transport – channels, pumps and carrier molecules
Immune system – antibodies that bind to pathogens
Structural support – nails and hair, muscle
Enzymes – aid in functional support such as digestion
Cell signaling – hormones
the multitool of the cell
Diagram of a general structure
Peptide Bonding
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
Level of Origination
Secondary: secondary structure is the local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide's backbone (main chain) atoms
Primary: A protein's primary structure is defined as the amino acid sequence of its polypeptide chain;
Tertiary: tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of an entire polypeptide chain
Quaternary: quaternary structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of the subunits in a multisubunit protein. In this series of pages we examine the different levels of protein organization
Lipid
Uses and Common Elements found in Lipids
Lipids store energy and provide structure, chemical messenger and thermoregulation
The basic common elements in Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
Saturation: the State or Process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with or added
Saturated fats: Saturated fats are found in meat, cheese, butter, dairy products
Unsaturated fat: Unsaturated fat are found in more healthy foods like nuts, seeds, avocados etc...
Different Types of Lipids
Phospholipids: are a group of polar lipids that consist of two fatty acidsa glycerol unit and a phosphate group which is esterified to an organic molecule
Triglycerides: Are a type of fat found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. Later, hormones release triglycerides for energy between meals.
Steroids: Are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones, that are made naturally in the human body. Steroids are designed to act like these hormones to reduce inflammation.
