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Preposition - Coggle Diagram
Preposition
Expressions beginning with prepositions
“with”
: with the exception of, with intent to, with regard to,
with a view to
“at”
: at any rate, at fault, at first sight, at the first/second attempt, at the end, at large
"in”
: in advance, in the balance, in all likelihood, in answer to, in any case, in charge of, etc.
“on”
: on average, on approval, on a regular basis, on behalf of, on the contrary, on good terms, on loan, on the market (for sale), on (its) merits, on offer, on purpose, on the verge of
“beyond”
: beyond belief, beyond a joke, beyond the shadow of a doubt
“by”:
by coincidence, by mistake, by the time, by rights, by surprise
“for”:
for fear of (because something might happen), for life, not for long, for the foreseeable future, for the time being
"out”:
of out of breath, out of control, out of danger, out of doors, out of focus, out of luck, out of the ordinary, etc
“under”
: under age, under the circumstances, under control, under cover of, be under the impression that, under the influence of, under (a law), under an obligation,
"without”
: without a chance, without delay, without exception, without a word
“after”:
after all
Adjective + Preposition
At
: angry at (a person), annoyed at (a person), be bad at, be good at, surprised at
On
: keen on
With
: angry with (a person), annoyed with (a person), bored with, commensurate with, connected with, be good at dealing with, happy with, incompatible with, obsessed with, pleased with, preoccupied with
To
: addicted to, attentive to, grateful to, kind to, immune to, impervious to, indifferent to, liable to (likely to suffer from), married to, prone to
About
: annoyed about, anxious about, certain about, excited about, pleased about, right about, serious about, sorry about
By
: baffled by, bored by, detained by, distressed by, plagued by, shocked by, surprised by
Of:
afraid of, ashamed of, aware of, capable of, conscious of, fond of, full of, indicative of, irrespective of, jealous of
For:
early for, eligible for, famous for, late for, liable for (legally responsible), ready for, responsible for, sorry for
In
: deficient in, experienced in, implicated in, interested in
From:
absent from, derived from, different from, safe from, missing from
Noun + Preposition:
“on”
: an authority on (expert), ban on, comment on, effect on, influence on, restriction on, tax on
“to”
: access to, an alternative to, an attitude to, an exception to, a solution to, a threat to, a witness to
“over”:
be in authority over, have control over, be in dispute over something
“with”:
contrast with, be in dispute with someone, encounter with, link with, quarrel with, relationship with
“for”:
admiration for, craving for, credit for, cure for, desire for, disregard for, provision for, recipe for, respect for, responsibility for, room for, sympathy for
Verb + prepositional and adverbial phrases
Verb + Object + Prepositional/Adverbial phrases:
Ex: Screw, position, load, lean, dump, stuff, thrust, toss, lower, transfer, drag, invite, urge, temp, force, steer, etc
Verb + Adverb:
Ex: Begin, end, sell, progress, react, dress, behave, eat, go, burn, scratch, cut, do, etc.
Verbs of position + prepositional phrase/ adverbial phrase:
Ex: Stretch, extend, remain, end up, occur, stay, settle, etc.
Verb + way + prepositional phrase/ adverbial phrase:
Ex: Fight, force, blast, dig, find, make, edge, squeeze, worm, charm, talk, cheat, trick, inch, buy, lie, negotiate, etc
Verbs of movement+ prepositional phrase/ adverbial phrase:
Ex: Drift, pour, speed, slide, stagger, set off, leap, storm, bound, turn, pull in, arrive, float, burst, limp, race, etc.
Types of prepositions
Preposition of movement and place:
From
: For the origin or starting point
To:
For the goal or end point of movement
❗️ From … to ... : used for the starting and end points of changes.
Towards
: Focusing on the direction of movement/ Talking about the development or change
Into:
focusing on the movement to a place inside s.th
Onto:
focusing on the movement to a surface of some kind.
Across:
For movement from one side of s.th to the other/ For movement to the other side of a surface or area
Over:
For movement from one side of s.th to the other/ to the other side of s.th that is viewed as high or as a line
Through:
For movement from one side of s.th to the other/ enters or leaves s.th
Along:
For movement in one direction/ Describing the position of s.th which is somewhere in one direction
Pass
: For movement beyond a specific point/ Describing the position of s.th beyond a specific point
Off:
For movement away from a surface/ Describing the position of s.th in relation to a surface/ As “the sense of ‘not connected to’”
Out of:
For the movement inside of s.th/ Describing the position of s.th which is no longer inside/ As “the sense of ‘no longer having’”
Prepositions used for connections:
Of:
Between 2 noun phrases to show the 1st belongs to or is part of the second/ Meaning how people are related/ After some adjectives (afraid, ful, aware, fond etc.)
By:
By + NOUN/GERUND (no determiner) - Describing an action in a more general way
With
: Between 2 noun phrases to show the 2nd is a particular feature of the 1st/ Saying that people or things are together/ After some adjectives/ With + DET + NOUN - Describing a specific thing used to perform an action
Preposition of place:
In:
Inside a place/ A general area or place (region, country etc.)
On
: Something contacts with the surface of s.th else/ A place in relation to a line (a road, a river, …)
❗️ NOUNS USED WITH “ON” [ban, restriction, attack, constraint, effect, emphasis, imposition, limit, perspective, sanction]
At:
A place, which is close to s.th but not touching it/ A point in a scale or a journey
❗️ VERBS USED WITH “AT” - means the target of an action [shout, smile, bark, glance, laugh, look, scream, stare, swear, yell)
Above:
One thing is in a higher position/ level or point on a scale than another/ As “the sense of better than”
Over:
One thing is in a higher position than another/ One thing covers another in some way/ As “the sense of more than”
Below:
One thing is in a lower position/ level or point on a scale than another.
Under
: One thing is in a lower position than another./ One thing is covered by another in some way./ As “the sense of less than”
Underneath
- means “covered by”
Between
: About two or more separate people or things/ About how things are connected
Among
: About more than two people or things together as a group/ As “the sense of ‘included in’”
Prepositions used for exceptions:
Except (for):
Someone or s.th not included in a general statement (usually used after quantifiers, i.e. ‘every’)/ JUST USE EXCEPT before preposition phrases/ clauses
-
Besides
: Can be used as ‘except’ meaning ‘in addition to’
Apart from = Aside from:
used interchangeably with ‘except (for)’ or ‘besides’
Preposition of time
-
In:
A period of time/ Before names of months, years and seasons/ Before phrases identifying centuries, and historical periods
On:
A special day or occasion.
-
At:
An exact point in time/ Before names of mealtimes/ Before general words for holidays
During:
A specific period or the whole period of time
For
: How long something lasts
+
Since:
When something starts
Before:
something happens earlier than a certain time
By:
More precise than before - “at,on or before” a certain time
Until
: A period of time up to a specific point in time
Dependent prepositions and
prepositional phrases
Adjective + preposition:
Some adjectives are commonly used with collocating prepositions (similar meanings):
Ex: similar to, related to, characteristic of, typical of, responsible for, sorry for, fraught with, riddled with, deficient in, lacking in, upset about, annoyed about
Noun + preposition:
Ex: A prelude to, a sequel to, a taste of, a craving for, an attack on, a relationship with, insurance against, a safeguard against.
Prepositional phrases:
Ex: out of breath, in advance, without delay, under the weather, etc.
Verb + preposition:
We can use verb + preposition combination.
Ex: consist of, opt for, etc.
We can use verb + object + preposition.
Ex: playoff s.t against, subject s.o to, etc.
Verbs with related meanings are followed by the same preposition.
Ex: ask for, appeal for, hope for, long for, yearn for
Some verbs with similar meanings but have a different preposition.
Ex: accuse s.o of, blame s.o for