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Respiration and the human transport system, ANIMALS, Oxidation, Reduction …
Respiration and the human transport system
Ciculatory system
System of blood vessels
Pump (heart)
Valves
Ensures one-way flow of blood
Double circulatory system
Found in all mammals
Blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit
Pulmonary system
Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Pumps it to the lungs
Deoxygenated blood
Blood that loses oxygen when it is taken up by the body cells, which needed it for respiration.
Systemic system
Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Pumps it to the body
Oxygenated blood
Blood that contains oxygen picked up by the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
Heart
Cardiac muscle
Contracts and relaxes
Pumps blood around the body
Blood
Pumped towards the heart through veins
Pumped away from the heart through arteries
Plasma
Important for transport of
Carbon dioxide
Digested food (nutrients)
Urea
Mineral ions
Hormones
Heat energy
Mostly water as a solvent
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane
Red blood cells
Transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration.
White blood cells
Defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production.
Platelets
Help the blood to clot.
Two parts
Left side
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right side
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Divided by muscle wall
Septum
Made of muscle cells
Need their own supply of blood to deliver oxygen, glucose and other nutrients
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
Blood supplied by the coronary arteries
Coronary arteries can become blocked by fatty deposits called ‘plaques'
Arteries become less elastic and cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through them
Plaques are mainly formed from cholesterol
Partial blockage
Creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells
Angina
Complete blockage
Cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract
Heart attack
Heart disease and exercise
Heart activity can be monitored using an electrocardiogram
Measuring pulse rate
Listening to the sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope
Heart rate
bpm
Coronary heart disease
Risk factors
Poor diet
Human nutrition
Balanced diet
Dietary fibre
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Carbohydrates
Smoking
Age (old)
Stress
Genetic predisposition
Gender (males)
Exercise
Frequency and depth of breathing increase when exercising
Why?
Muscles respire aerobically and work harder
Energy demand
If they cannot meet it
Respire anaerobically, producing lactic acid
After exercise has finished, lactic acid needs to be removed by combining it with oxygen
Need more oxygen to be delivered to them
Respiration
Breakdown of nutrient molecules (glucose) in order to release the energy stored within the bonds of these molecules
Aerobic respiration
Requires oxygen
Complete breakdown of glucose
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Releases large amount of energy
Anaerobic respiration
Doesn't require oxygen
Incomplete breakdown of glucose
Produces different breakdown products depending on the type of organism it is taking place in
Releases small amount of energy
Carbon cycle
ANIMALS
Carbon is released into the atmosphere during respiration
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Used in photosynthesis
Plants are eaten by animals
Fossilisation of dead plants and animals
Carbon stored in fossil fuels
Carbon released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned
Carbon dioxide in decaying matter and waste
Carbon broken down by decomposers
Oxidation
Oxygen is added
Reduction
Oxygen is removed