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Chap 7: Cross-Cultural Communication and Negotiation - Coggle Diagram
Chap 7:
Cross-Cultural Communication and Negotiation
Communication Process
Communication
is the process of transferring meanings from sender to receiver
There are a great many problems in the international arena that can result in the failure to transfer meanings correctly
(Có rất nhiều vấn đề trên trường quốc tế có thể dẫn đến việc ko thể chuyển nghĩa một cách chính xác)
Verbal Communication styles
Context
is information that surrounds a communication and helps convey the message
(là thông tin bao quanh một cuộc giao tiếp và giúp truyền tải thông điệp)
In
low-context societies
, the message is explicit.
VD: United States, Canada
In
high context societies
, messages are often highly coded and implicit (ngầm hiểu). VD: Japan and Arab countries
Indirect and Direct Styles
In
high context societies
, messages are implicit and indirect.
:check: Voice intonation, timing, and facial expressions can all play roles in conveying information.
The person focuses on the environment in which the meeting will take place.
In
low-context societies
, people often meet only to accomplish objectives (thường gặp chỉ để hoàn thành mục tiêu). Messages are explicit and direct.
:check: The individual is most interested in the objectives that are to be accomplished at the meeting _mục tiêu sẽ được hoàn thành tại cuộc họp
Elaborate to Succinct Styles
The
elaborate style
is often very common, much detail and people often repeated themselves. This elaborate style is widely used in Arabic countries
The
exacting style
is more common in nations such as England, Germany, and Sweden. Focuses on precision and use the right amount of words to convey the message (tập trung vào độ chính xác và dùng số lượng từ phù hợp để truyền tải)
The
succinct style
is most common in Asia, where people tend to say few words and allow understatement, pauses, and silence to convey meaning
Contextual and Personal Styles
A
contextual styles
focuses on the speaker and roles relationship
Often associated with
high power-distance, collective, high-context cultures
A
personal style
focuses on the speaker and the reduction of barriers between the parties (personal relationship). More popular in l
ow-power-distance
,
individualistic, low-context cultures.
Affective and Instrumental Styles
The affective style
:
process-oriented and receiver-focused
Yêu cầu người nghe phải ghi chú cẩn thận những gì đang được nói và quan sát cách người gửi trang trình bày tin nhắn
:check: common in collective, high-context cultures such as the Middle East, Latin America, and Asia.
The instrument style
: goal-oriented and sender-focused.
:check: more commonly found in individualistic, low-context cultures such as Switzerland, Denmark, and the United States
Communication Flows
Downward communication
ĐN:
is the transmission of information from manager to subordinate
(việc truyền tải thông tin từ người quản lý đến cấp dưới)
The primary purpose of the manager-initiated communication flow is to convey orders and information
.
In some European countries, downward communication is direct and extends beyond work.
An Asian countries, downward communication is less direct than in the U.S.
Orders tend to implicit in nature
In the international context, downward communication poses special challenges.
Upward communication
ĐN:
is the transfer of information from subordinate to superior
(chuyển giao thông tin từ cấp dưới lên cấp trên)
The primary purpose of this subordinate-initiated upward communication is to provide feedback, ask questions, or obtain assistance from higher-level management.
(Cấp dưới cung cấp phản hồi, đặt câu hỏi hoặc nhận hỗ trợ từ quản lý cấp cao hơn)
Employees want upward communication
It does not always occur due to communication barriers.
Communication Barriers
Language
If managers do not understand the language that is used at headquarters, they likely will make a wide assortment of errors.
The ability to speak the language used at headquarters is often not enough to ensure that the personnel are capable of doing the work.
Poor writing is proving to be a greater barrier than poor talking.
(Viết kém được chứng minh là một rào cản lớn hơn nói kém)
Culture
Even in English-speaking countries, there are different approaches to writing letters.
*When compared to Asians, many American writers are far more blunt and direct
.*
(khi so sánh với người châu Á, nhiều nhà văn Mỹ thẳng thắn và bộc trực hơn)
A significant number of native speakers in the U.S. might deviate from the standard business communication practices of other cultures.
Culture affects communication through values and misinterpretation
.
(Văn hóa ảnh hưởng đến giao tiếp thông qua các giá trị và cách hiểu sai.)
Cultural differences can cause misinterpretations both in how others see expatriate managers and in how the latter see themselves.
Perceptual
Perception
is a person’s view of reality. In international incidents, perception and misperceptions are critical
.
A failure to understand home-country perceptions can result in disastrous advertising programs.
( Việc không hiểu được những nhận thức về đất nước quê hương có thể dẫn đến những chương trình quảng cáo tai hại.)
Managers must be careful when translating messages.
(Người quản lý phải cẩn thận khi dịch các thông điệp)
Perception influences how individuals "see" others