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Cognitive Approach on MDD, Negative Self-Schema, Cognitive Triad, Alloy et…
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Negative Self-Schema
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A negative self-schema, on the other hand, predisposes the individual to depression, therefore someone who has acquired a cognitive triad will not necessarily get depression.
This negative schema must be activated later in life by some form of stressful life event. When the negative schema is active, it appears that a lot of erroneous notions or cognitive biases take over thinking.
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Cognitive Triad
Depressed people, for example, have a tendency to see themselves as helpless, useless, and inadequate.
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They interpret occurrences in the world in an overly pessimistic and defeatist manner, and they see the world as presenting insurmountable hurdles.
Finally, they perceive the future as completely bleak because their lack of worth will prevent their situation from improving.
As these three components interact, they interfere with normal cognitive processing, leading to impairments in perception, memory and problem solving with the person becoming obsessed with negative thoughts.
The cognitive triad are three forms of negative (i.e helpless and critical) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression. These include negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future.
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Alloy et al. (1999)
STUDIES
Errors in Logic
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The cognitive triad exacerbates and is intensified by such thinking. Beck believed that these thoughts or ways of thinking had become habitual. When a person's stream of habitual thoughts is predominantly negative, it is natural for that person to become depressed. Even in the face of contradictory facts, these negative attitudes will frequently endure.
Beck (1967) discovered a number of systemic negative biases in information processing that he referred to as logical errors or incorrect thinking. These erroneous mental processes are self-defeating and can cause the individual tremendous distress or depression.
People who have negative self schemas are more likely to make logical errors in their thinking and to focus selectively on specific aspects of a scenario while neglecting equally significant facts.
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For six years, Alloy et al. (1999) observed the thinking processes of young Americans in their early twenties. Their thinking styles were evaluated, and they were assigned to either the "positive thinking group" or the "negative thinking group."
Just 1% of people with a positive personality experience depression, compared to 17% of those with a negative one. These findings suggest that there may be a relationship between cognitive style and the development of depression in later life.
Such a study may be hampered by demand characteristics. The findings are also correlative. It is critical to remember that the specific role of cognitive processes is unknown.
The maladaptive cognitions seen in depressed people may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression.
Martin Seligman (1974)
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Procedure
When the floor of a partitioned cage is electrified, a dog learns to escape. Dogs that were subjected to unavoidable electric shocks later failed to escape even when it was possible to do so. Furthermore, they displayed some of the symptoms of depression seen in people (lethargy, sluggishness).
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Results
Seligman (1974) used this to explain sadness in humans as learned helplessness, in which the individual gives up trying to change their surroundings because they have learned that they are helpless as a result of having no control over what occurs to them.
Seligman’s account may explain depression to a certain extent, it fails to take into account cognitions (thoughts).
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Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978)
Abramson et al. argued that people who attribute failure to external, unstable and specific causes are more likely to become depressed than those who attest failure to internal, stable, and global causes (i.e., cause-and-effect theory).
This is due to the fact that the previous attributional style (external, unstable, and specific) leads people to believe that they are powerless to change circumstances for the better.
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The depression attributional style is based on three
dimensions, namely:
3) Global or specific (whether the cause relates to the 'whole' person or just some particular feature characteristic)
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1) Locus (whether the cause is internal - to do with a person themselves, or external - to do with some aspect of the situation)
Introduced a cognitive version of the theory by reformulating learned helplessness in term of attributional processes.
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