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Europe Faces Revolutions - Coggle Diagram
Europe Faces Revolutions
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism
As conservatives, liberals, and radicals debated issues of government, a new movement called nationalism emerged.
Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
When a nation had its own independent government, it became a nation-state.
A nation-state defends the nation’s territory and way of life, and it represents the nation to the rest of the world.
Link Title
Nationalism: identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other
nations.
Most of the people who believed in nationalism were either liberals or radicals.
Nationalism, the belief that people should be loyal to their nation was not widespread until the 1800s.
In Europe in 1815, only France, England, and Spain could be called nation-states.
Change
How did nationalism blur the line between philosophies?
Nationalism is the belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common history and culture.
What goal did liberals in Germany and Austria have?
They wanted to change how the government was ran instead of keeping it the same.
Radicals Change France
Change
Radicals
Demand for democratic government
They participated in many of the revolts
Two sides
The other side also wanted social and economic reform that would close up the differences in wealth between the “haves” and “have nots.”
One side wanted only political reform
How were the actions of the radicals contrary to their philosophy?
The radicals also wanted creation of republicas opposed to the monarchy, as well the government to guarantee them a wage
The Paris mob
Overturned a monarchy and established a republican
Louis Auguste Blanqui
French revolutionary
Tired overthrowing the government
jailed for more than 33 years
main idea was that society could change only if workers controlled the wealth of both the church and large property holders.
Get to know Louis Auguste Blanqui
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/blanqui/bio/index.htm
Louis-Napoleon
Won the presidential election
Four years later, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
Peace
They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France
What did Napoleon do when he won?
Helped the unimpomet problem
Louis-Napoleon built railroads, encouraged industrialization
promoted an ambitious program of public works.
Was the election of Louis-Napoleon a victory for the radicals? Explain
yes bc he was elected by the people
Get to know Louis-Napoleon better
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France
.
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1830s Uprisings Crushed
.
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Many liberal gains were lost to conservatives within a year
Conservatives regained power
revolutions failed to achieve nationalist and democratic objectives
Every revolution ended in failure and repression
(
https://www.britannica.com/event/Revolutions-of-1848
)
1849, Europe had returned to the conservatism
Change
Prague, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence
revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or their nations
uprisings broke out in Austrian Empire
Louis Kossuth called for a parliament and self-government for Hungary
.
Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings broke out throughout the Austrian empire
mob in Vienna clashed with police
Uprising broke out everywhere in Europe
How were the revolutions in Italy different from the revolutions in Greece Belgium and Poland?
the revolutions in Italy were done to unite separate states where the revolutions in Greece and Poland were to break free of the government and to gain independence.
Revolution
.
By the 1830s, the old order, carefully arranged at the Congress of Vienna, was breaking down
revolution in Dutch ruled Belgium broke out
Italy nationalists worked to unite the many separate states on the Italian peninsula
.
Russia staged a revolt in Warsaw late in 1830.
took almost a year to restore order and to the revolt
Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy
Belgium declared their independence from dutch rule
Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe were openly revolting against conservative governments.
.
1820 revolution swept across Europe
revolution in Greece led to idependence
first to win self ruling
.
they originally were part of the ottoman empire
Greeks rebelled against Ottoman in 1821
because they spread throughout the cities and leaders did not want their cities to revolt
Why did leaders of powerful countries oppose revolution even when not directed against them?
Independence
1830 signed a treaty with Russia, France, and Britain and was officially independent
ruled Balkans
current day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia
also in Spain, Portugal, Russia , and Italy
constitutional monarchies
Reforms in Russia
How did Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War push it toward political reform?
s a result, in
1856
, Russia lost the war against the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire
After the war, Nicholas’s son, Alexander II, decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change.
What was the Reform is Russia?
Alexander ll and the reforms that were followed my (local government, the judicial reform, the abolition of corporal punishment, the reform of the military, public education, censorship and others)
Were the peasants better off after the serfs were freed? Explain
The emancipation reform of 1861 that freed the serfs was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history; it was the beginning of the end for the landed aristocracy’s monopoly of power.
Serfs
In 1861 serfdom, the system which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsar’s imperial
command
The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere.
The first and boldest of Alexander’s reforms was a decree freeing the serfs in
1861
. The abolition of serfdom, however, went only halfway. Peasant communities rather than individual peasants received about half the farmland in the country. Nobles kept the other half.
Militarism
The militarism was when the Russians defeated Crimean war and
tried pushing political reform
Conflict
The conflict was that peasants wanted to be emancipated from these homes because they were sick and tired of being controlled which is why Alexander set them free when he created the reform
Change
The change was Alexander created reforms to free peasants from their landlords.
This was the Russian tsar, Alexander ll. He created reforms to free serfs
Eventually, Russia’s lack of development became obvious to Russians and to the whole world. In
1853
, Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War. However, Russia’s industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the country’s troops.
Clash of Philosophies
The first half of the 1800's there was 3 different schools of political thought.
Conservative
This was usually wealthy property owners and nobility.
They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Prince Klemens von Metternich shaped conservative control of Europe
Power
They struggled for supremacy in European societies.
Each group believed that its type of government would be the best for the people.
Each group attracted different followers.
The following list identified the philosophies, goals, and followers.
How can people have such different philosophies?
People can have such different philosophies because everyone has different life path and beliefs. Because of this people have different thoughts on how the government should be run and which different party they agree with.
Liberal
This was mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants.
They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments.
Only the educated and land owners would vote.
Radical
They favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution
Liberty, equality and brotherhood.
Some of them believed in anarchism.
They belied that government is harmful and not needed.
To which school do U.S. political parties belong?
I think that the Radical school is most similar to U.S. political parties because they believe in liberty, equality, and brotherhood. That is very much what Americans foundation is build on.
Radical Party
Government System
