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vision, Movement, audition, chemical senses, mechanical senses - Coggle…
vision
physics of perception
optic chasm
nasal half of nerve crosses
lateral geniculate nucleus
part of thalamus
cortex and thalamus communicate A LOT
receptive fields
magnocellular neurons
koniocellular neurons
parvocellular neurons
primary visual cortex
first stage of visual processing
3 kinds of cells
simple
complex
end stopped/hypercomplex
vision
visual coding
physics of the eye
lens
retina
fovea
lots of cones
single ganglion cell
single axon straight to brain
each with a single bipolar cell attached to it
midget ganglion cells
ganglion cells in fovea
receptor cells
cones
rods
photopigments
opsin
determines sensitive wavelength
11 cis retianl to 11 trans retinal
release energy when struck by light
other cells
ganglion cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells
refine input
bipolar cells
optic nerve
cornea
iris
pupil
law of specific nerve energies
receptor cell order
rods and cones
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
bipolar
.
amacrine
.
ganglion
.
ganglion cells
optic nerve
brain
individual differences
strabismus
prosopagnoisia
damage in fusiform gyrus
visual agnosia
damage to pattern pathway
motion perception: all 4 lobes involved
middle temporal
moving in a particular direction
dorsal of medial superior tem poral
expansion, rotation, contraction
color vision
opponent process theory
we perceive color in paired opposites
yellow --> blue
white --> black
red--> green
exciting open in the pair inhibits the other
doesn't explain color constancy
trichromatic theory
three kinds of receptors
medium
green
long
red
short
blue
we perceive through relative rates of receptors
wavelength =color
amplitude=brightness
retinex theory
perception requires brain work : reasoning and inference
pathways
dorsal how
important for visually guided movement
ventral: what
Movement
muscles
skeletal
fast twitch
slow twitch
cardiac
smooth
muscle control: proprioceptors
muscle spindles
contraction when one flexes
Golgi tendon organs
reflexes
stretch reflex
muscle fibers
each fiber hears from one axon
each axons connects to a few fibers
sequences of behaviors
many behaviors in rapid succession
central pattern generators
motor program
cerebral cortex
primary motor cortex
precetral gyrus in frontal lobe
planning a movement
posterior parietal cortex (position of body relative to the world)
cerebellum
movement and balance and attention shifts
basal ganglia
audition
the ear
middle ear
tympanic membrane
eardrum
3 bones that make sound stronger
malleus
incus
stapes
inner ear
oval window
cochlea
beginning is stiff, end is floppy
outer ear
pinna
alters wave reflection to middle ear
physics
frequency theory
place theory
volley principle
hearing signals: waves
frequency= compression/second= Hz
amplitude=intensity
compression through a media
sound localization
time of arrival
best for sudden sounds
phase difference
best for lower sounds
sound shadow
best for high frequency sound
individual differences
amusia
hearing loss
conductive/middle ear deafness
prob with bones
can be helped with surgery/aids
nerve/inner ear defaness
in brain
primary auditory cortex
in superior temporal cortex
each cortex gets opposite side information
has what and where pathways
tonotopic map
chemical senses
smell
VNO
receptors near pheromone receptors
endopiriform cortex
adaptation
cross adaptation
oleogustus
mechanical senses
somatosensation
merkel discs
light touch
pacinian corpuscles
pressure/vibration
temperature
heat sensitive
overall temp
Cold sensitive neurons
changes in temp
pain
bare nerve endings
releiving pain
opiates at synapses
periaqueductal gray area
dermatomes