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Evaluate the evidence to support or reject the notion that adolescents are…
Evaluate the evidence to support or reject the notion that adolescents are 'natural' risk-takers.
risk taking
physical risk
swimming alone
dangerous driving
substance abuse
alcohol
marijuana
Hallucinogens
stimulants
smoking
recent decline
mobile phone use
mental health
anxiety
depression
suicide
ideation
planning
attempts
(perceived) lack of dependents
gender differences
why do adolescents take risks?
boredom
sense of exploration
escapism
evolutionary advantage?
peer effects
role of exaggeration and myth?
victimization
Positive_risks
Duell, N., & Steinberg, L. (2019). Positive risk taking in adolescence. Child development perspectives, 13(1), 48-52.
Duell, N., Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Chein, J., Chaudhary, N., Di Giunta, L., ... & Chang, L. (2018). Age patterns in risk taking across the world. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(5), 1052-1072.
propensity uniform
behaviour more determined by society and peers
Duell, N., & Steinberg, L. (2020). Differential correlates of positive and negative risk taking in adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 49(6), 1162-1178.
romer 2010 : :
impulsivity persists from childhood
sensation seeking increases
risks arise from unfamiliarity with "adult" activities
not all adolescents take risks
much experimentation set in a risky context that adolescents may not choose. E.g. driving with a high speed goal.
What is statistical profile of risk taking
trends?
crime together rather than alone (adults) Zimring 1998
brain explorer
historical debate
Freud's Sturm und drang
Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa
nature vs nurture
debate with Freeman
Context of adolescence
history of term
age range
biological changes
societal context
locale
urban
rural
military/martial arts
region
samoan
chinese
western
family
'natural'
support
predisposition may be expressed in a significant minority
reject
not all adolescents take risks
context of nature vs nurture debate
references
Côté, J. E. (1992). Was Mead wrong about coming of age in Samoa? An analysis of the Mead/Freeman controversy for scholars of adolescence and human development. Journal of youth and adolescence, 21(5), 499-527.
Mead, M., Sieben, A., & Straub, J. (1973). Coming of age in Samoa. New York: Penguin.
Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216-224.
Duell et at 2016: Interaction of Reward Seeking and Self-Regulation in the Prediction of
Risk Taking: A Cross-National Test of the Dual Systems Model
linear regression on age error
reward seeking culturally universal
self-regulation culturally variable (low signal to noise)
Gullone, E., & Moore, S. (2000). Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of adolescence, 23(4), 393-407.
Adolescent Risk Questionaire
types of risk
reckless
rebellious
anti-social
thrill-seeking
Personality differences
gender differences
Gullone, E., Moore, S., Moss, S., & Boyd, C. (2000). The adolescent risk-taking questionnaire: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of adolescent research, 15(2), 231-250.
Jessor, R. E. (1998). New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., Costa, F. M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, C. (2003). Adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States: A cross‐national study of psychosocial protective factors. Journal of Research on adolescence, 13(3), 329-360.
Cross national results, moderated by family setting etc,
Lewycka, S., Clark, T., Peiris-John, R., Fenaughty, J., Bullen, P., Denny, S., & Fleming, T. (2018). Downwards trends in adolescent risk-taking behaviours in New Zealand: Exploring driving forces for change.
Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 258-274.
Vashishtha, R., Livingston, M., Pennay, A., Dietze, P., MacLean, S., Holmes, J., ... & Lubman, D. I. (2020). Why is adolescent drinking declining? A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Addiction Research & Theory, 28(4), 275-288.
Blakemore 2012
Iowa Gambling Task
ref41 Mischel's longitudinal study
Response to dopaminergic prediction error heightened in adolescents, rats and human?
hot (ad more risky) vs cold (no signal)
ventrial striatum seems to be key
we know it is active, to various correlated levels, but what is it doing?
activity in different areas doesn't necessarily indicate different thoughts - can the same thought come from different areas of the brain?
mentalizing capability
data
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/mca/adolescent---risk-factors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554988/
https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-mortality-rate---top-20-causes-(global-and-regions
)