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ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY (research on design methods ,robotic…

- - - - Bits and atom developed idea of digital materials /parts with discrete set of relative position and orientation
  - - - Discrete computational processes
      - Easy enable spatial printing with robot
      - Opens up formal possibilities
      - combinatorial design as a method to create structures with a differentiated material distribution,and complex formal articulation that bypasses the repetitive and homogenous grids usually associated with spatial printing
      - benefits of discrete assembly compared to 3D printing
      - framework for discrete fabrication with combinatorial building blocks, investigating both the design of the units and their assembly procedures.
      - Spatial printing is now a popular
        method for robotic printing
      - Descrete Design Method
        
        CURLVOXEL
        
        control the toolpath constraints and developing
        new freedoms within the spatial printing constraints such a s robot can never intersect with previously deposited
        material,structural constraints: material,can only be extruded in the air for a limited range –,at some point, support structures are needed.
        
        discretisation: a voxel space is developed, where every voxel contains a toolpath fragment
        
        use a Bézier curve as a unit
        to compose the toolpath.
        
        process that cycles through the voxel space in a layered
        and linear fashion, simulating the trajectory of the robot
        
        Every time a voxel is accessed, the Bézier curve inside the voxel is rotated to connect to the line in the previous voxel
        
        there are 24 rotations possible but a number of these are not printable, as the extrusion tool would intersect with the curve
        
        The logic of combining separate toolpath fragments is essentially combinatorics: there is a discrete set of options for how curves can connect without losing continuity
        
        how curves can connect without losing continuity. The printing process can be prototyped on a few voxels, rather than having to compute and prototype an entire toolpath
        
        After the toolpath is tested for a single curvevoxel in 24 different rotations, it can be used to assemble thousands of toolpath fragments together into one continuous, kilometres-long, printable line
        
        The size of the voxel itself also introduces a structural parameter: if the voxel is smaller, more material is deposited and the structure becomes denser. If it is bigger, the structure is more porous and less strong
        
        :. This observation was translated into an OcTree subdivision for the voxels,linked to structural data. In areas that carry more load,voxels are subdivided and more material is deposited.
        
        The design method was tested on the generic shape
        of a panton chair
        
        chair, which made use of the OcTree subdivision logic,
        was strong enough to withstand up to 80kg of load
        
        It enables the efficient generation and evaluation of complex toolpaths. After optimising can be generated without further problems
        
        , the project does not manage to bridge the gap between design and fabrication. Essentially,the design first has to be generated and then sent off for fabrication. As a consequence, if there is a problem in the fabrication, the entire object has to be printed again. There are significant logistical constraints to the project: multi-materiality is hard to achieve, and the printing time is slow.
        
        INT, combines discrete design with
        discrete fabrication
        
        INT
        
        a combinatorial unit is developed, but this time as a physical building block that can be aggregated and assembled.
        
        unit is serialised and has a discrete
        set of connection possibilities
        
        The ‘digital’ building block, or tile, has a geometry which can be inscribed in a voxel space: one L-shaped unit is comprised of three voxels
        
        The tile is defined more by a gripper tool in different orientation so it can be picked up the robot and also have reflectors for the camera to track elements in physical space
        
        consist of multiple scales of CNC milled timber blocks whereby then different combinations of blocks are structurally evaluated in terms of surface area so that in the areas of the design which requires more strength ,combinations with larger area of shared surfaces are piviledges
        
        A combinatorial logic was developed to combine tiles into structurally stable forms
        
        The robots are programmed to work in a specific boundary and are given total amount of tile to fabricate a structure .
        
        Users can intervene in the
        process by placing tiles themselves
        
        The robot is able to address imperfections in the assembly process – for example,if a tile falls off the structure, it can re-evaluate its if a tile falls off the structure, it can re-evaluate its
        
        design methods
        based on discretisation
        
        INT project allows for the efficient assembly of objects which could potentially be multimaterial, while also maintaining a high degree of complexity and heterogeneity
        
        Further improvement /Challenges
        
        Advance feedback loop btw simulation and physical assembly
        
        Ude of compression based material introduce difficulty to the assembly process hence structural problems
        
        joints, but in the end relies on a significant amount of glue in order to be assembled hence remove the promise of the project to be able to reassemble and reconfigurbility
        
        joints is one of the main limitation for discrete fabrication the smaller the object the more joints are created .One of the solution is to make the element itself interlocking but still will increase complexity of the robotic assembly process and again severly limit formal possibility
        
        This introduces a fundamental shift away from the paradigm most usually associated with digital design: from mass customisation and continuous differentiation of parts to discrete, serially repeated elements.
        
        Conclusion
        
        significant implications for additive manufacturing, the automation of construction and architecture
        
        The shift from continuos to discrete fabrication has series of advantages
        
        multi materiality
        
        structural performance
        
        speed
        
        reversabiility
        
        The discrete design methode establish series of efficiencies while also enabling complex material organisation
        
        the combinatorial method allow complex differentiationr ather that repetitive character commonly associated with digital materials
        
        Formal differentiation no longer relies of the mass customisation of thousand of different parts but can be achieved by recombination of cheap ,serialised units .
        
        Use of cheap prefabricated building blocks , in combination with increased assembly speed reduce error space and vast formal possibilities
        
        provide a firm ground for AD Manufacturing to scale up
        
        discrete fabrication is able to bridge the representational gap between simulation and fabrication. Digital data and physical data are aligned. Computation and fabrication can happen in parallel, and design decisions can be made during the fabrication process. This versatility makes the process more robust and adaptable to demanding scenarios such as onsite fabrication.
        
        The potential for reversibility has implications reaching far beyond automated construction. Architectural building elements that are recombinable could significantly change the lifecycle of buildings. The combinatorial aspects can help to introduce complexity and adaptability in prefabricated building systems, without losing the benefits of seriality and standardisation.
        
        SPATIAL PRINTING
        
        COMBINATORIAL DESIGN
- - - - Generate spatial kinematic pint jointed structures that are in equilibrium close to an input geometry while meeting constraints on both geometry and force
    - - interactive form-finding process that consists of alternating steps of modeling and computational optimization
- - - - the design of assemblies from given units,
      - the discretisation of given geometries into structurally feasible assemblies.
      - will be achieved through the development of a computational framework
- - - - assembly-based processes have the advantages that the components orparticles for assembly can be composed of multiple materials
  - - - the idea of merology which was very important in architecture disappered from the discussion regarding the digital as the result of vesting more interest in continuos tropes such as topology and surface
    - - Mereology ( from the Greek mereo or "part") is the study of the relations between parts and the wholes they construct Mereology specifically deals with hierarchies in part whole relationship.
        
        this is also a concept referred to as Meronomy of Partonomy .
    - - he descibed he concept of strange mereology as a relation where every part is in itself a whole which is not reducible to its parts and where every part is not reducible to the whole
    - - it can be argued that architectural part to whole relations are traditionally a non strange mereology which means that the parts are never really autonomous from the whole , but are always reducible t the whole .they have no existence outside the whole .
        
        Non strange mereology character is typical for top-down design method , but essentially also for continuous design in general .to establish continuity every part has to be reduced to derivation of the whole
        
        parametric surface panelization is an example of non strange mereolgical structures .the large differentiation of pieces require micromanagement of thousands component resulting in excessive labour and energy in assembly
        
        Often taking inspiration from natural systems such as swarms, digital architects like to argue for bottom-up systems where the whole emerges from part-part interactions. This type of system necessarily requires a democratic interaction of parts and presumes that every part is actually equal , resulting a homogeneous population. From the interaction of this homogeneous population, a heterogeneous
        whole emerges.
  - - - Diamonds Strata can act at the same time as brick, surface, column and beam, which improves structural performance. Increased capabilities for parts to interlock and support neighbouring parts are developed, introducing patterns of structure in the system. Two types of pieces are used: an L-Shaped element and a straight piece. The L-shaped element allows the system to grow in all direction