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Ideology - Coggle Diagram
Ideology
Marxism
Sees society being divided into two opposing classes: A minority capitalist ruling class who own the means of production and control the state, and a majority working class who are propertyless and forced to sell their labour to capitalists.
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It is in the workers interest to overthrow capitalism by means of a socialist revolution and to replace it with a classless communist society in which the means of production are used to benefit society as a whole.
For this revolution to occur, the working class must first become conscious of their true position as exploited 'wage slaves' - they must develop a class consciousness.
Ruling-class Ideology are institutions such as education and the mass media that instill ideas and propaganda that legitimate the current status quo.
Ruling-class Ideology includes ideas and beliefs such as: Equality will never work because it goes against "human nature", Victim blaming ideas about poverty, Racist ideas about the inferiority of ethnic minorities.
Thus the dominant ideas are the ideas of the ruling class and they function to prevent change by creating a false consciousness among the workers. However, despite these ideological barriers, Marx believes that ultimately the working class will develop a true class consciousness and unite to overthrow capitalism.
Hegemony
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This is because workers have a dual consciousness - mixture of ruling class and self developed ideologies.
Some argue that it is not just the dominant ideology that keeps workers in line. It is other things too such as economic factors.
Functionalist
Functionalists see nationalism as a secular civil religion. Like religion, it integrates individuals into larger social and political unites by making them feel part of something greater than themselves.
In modern secular societies, people may be unwilling to believe in supernatural beings but may be willing to see themselves as part of a nation. Modern societies also often contain many different faiths, so religion is likely to be a source of division.
By contrast, nationalism functions as a civil religion that unites everyone into a single national community, regardless of differences such a religion or class.
For functionalists, education plays an important part in creating social solidarity, and this may include collective rituals involving nationalist symbols such as the flag and national anthem, as well as learning the nations history.
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