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The Intellectual Liberation Movements in Europe - Coggle Diagram
The Intellectual Liberation Movements in Europe
G#4
The Enlightment
The age of Enlightment/Reason
1685-1730 The early Enlightment
Isaac Newton published his “Principia Mathematica” (1686) and John Locke his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1689)—two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major advances.
1730-1780 The high Enlightment
The signature publication of the period was Diderot’s “Encyclopédie” (1751-77), which brought together leading authors to produce an ambitious compilation of human knowledge.
separation of Church and State
Coffeehouses, newspapers and literary salons emerged as new venues for ideas to circulate.
Centered on the dialogues and publications of the French “philosophes” (Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Buffon and Denis Diderot), the High Enlightenment might best be summed up by one historian’s summary of Voltaire’s “Philosophical Dictionary”: “a chaos of clear ideas.”
1780-1815 The late Enlightment
French revolution & American revolution & hundred days reformation in China
The idea that society is a social contract between the government and the governed stemmed from the Enlightenment
Widespread education for children and the founding of universities and libraries also came about as a result.
Ancient Greek Humanity
G#1 The origin
Can you find out and conclude a major transfer in the ancient Greek art?
The focus on the artistic topic transfer from "God" to "Human being"
What is core spirit of humanity in ancient Greek?
all people can and do communicate with a god or gods
Stories of god express normal struggles as human and show the idea that gods have flaws as human do.
Portraits and sculptures are more focused on human body details
G#2
Renaissance 1300-1600
Rediscovery of Roman Humanities and Greek Philosophy
(read page1-9)
Origin
brithplace and why
Italy
Thriving Cities
Locations ： Vast trading links encouraged cultural and material exchange
wealthy merchant class
classic heritage of Ancient Rome and Greece
reality purpose
Worldly Pleasures
Improvement in Legal proceeding
People begun to question political structures and religious practices
differentiation and connection with classic humanity
Differentiation
1.People focus more on human's rights (secularly)
2.More artistic works focus on normal people instead of people with wealth and power
3.Scientific discplines were studied
Connection: Heritage humanism spirits, and use these spirits as tools to advocate for more human rights.
Main characters
Leonardo Da Vinci
painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist
Raphael Sanzio,
Donatello. Sculptor
Petrach : sonnet: 14lines-poems
Boccacio
Decomoran
Effects
Artistic
Art drew on techniques and styles of the classical Greece and Rome.
Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike way
artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious
Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas
The arts praised individual achievement
Social
Printers were invented and they made information transferred more easily
published laws
more books available
people are more educated and have the awareness of their natural rights
English Protestation Reformation
G#3 A religious reformation 1500s
effect
reclaim the authority from pope for Kings
gain rights from churches in faith and religious practices for lay people
causal factors
Luther argued against the practice of buying or earning forgiveness, believing instead that salvation is a gift God gives to those who have faith.
Major events and characters
Read pp17-28
Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther’s “95 Theses.” Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War.
In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII’s quest for a male heir.
In 1559 Elizabeth I took the throne and, during her 44-year reign, cast the Church of England as a “middle way” between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer.
a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel.
Q1: What are the common factors in these movements？
They are all based on the humanism origin from ancient Rome and Greece
They are all rivals claiming for advancement in gaining rights between authority and civilians
They all benefited from the invention of printers in spreading spirits.
They all paved the road for future improvement in liberation.
Q2: How were these movement developed?
It started from secular level because of the economic and cultural flourish. People started to fight to claim more rights for worldly pleasure at the beginning. With the continuous rivals for more rights and to get rid of the control of churches, the movements finally reached to the realization of reasons and rationale, which is a sign of scientific time period. It means the end of romanticism and the begin of rationalism.