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PSICOLOGY : - Coggle Diagram
PSICOLOGY :
Research methods:
They are processes that will be used for the recollection of data and evidence for a deeper and greater analysis
EXPERIMENTS
Laboratory Experiment: It's a type of experiment which lets you control all variables, this experiment is the most precise of the different type of experiments in psychology.
Field experiment: It's a type of experiment in which it is used the open space for the recreation of real life situations, the experiment permits the control of the independent variable but has less control over external factors which may cause confusion variables.
Natural experiments: In the same way in which field experiment develops throughout a natural ambience although the difference is the way in which there are no variables to manipulate. The experiment will flow in the way nature permits and with the challenges it gives.
Experimental designs: These are the specific ways in which groups and conditions are organized in an experiment.
Independent measures: This type of design randomly places individuals in each group (experimental group and control group).
Matched pairs: In this design the location of individuals in groups is not random. The researcher uses his criteria to try to maintain equivalence in both groups.
Repeated measures: In this case, conditions and not groups are compared. The same group is subjected to the same situation but where some of the conditions change, and then they are compared.
Qualitative research
Interview: It's a qualitative method. Is the principal method in psychology in which its possible to get one to one information as opinions and experiences in an specific manner from the interviewed one.
Observation: It is also a qualitative method that allows the researcher to obtain first-hand information by being so immersed in the phenomena to be studied.
Case study: It is a qualitative method that can be supported by others such as observation and interview. The subject or group under study are considered unique and therefore there are no generalization problems. It is used when it is difficult to access individuals with the characteristics to be investigated. It is used to contradict other theories.
Focus group: It is a kind of interview that is applied at the same time to groups between six and ten people. Encourage participants to interact with each other and to generate discussions around the research topic.
Sampling methods
Quota sampling: This type of sampling is used in qualitative research to define a number of participants and defined characteristics in the sample. In this respect it resembles the stratified sample method.
Theoretical sampling: This is a Purposive sampling that stops when data saturation is reached. Data saturation is when adding more participants to the sample but no new information is obtained.
Purposive Sampling: It is similar to quota sampling, but it does not define the proportions or the sample size.
Convenience Sampling: It refers to the method in which the sample of the individuals within reach is obtained. It's very easy and economic.
Quantitative research
Variables
Independent and Dependent variable: Independent variable is the variable manipulated by the researcher to observe changes in another variable called dependent. The researcher deduces that because of the change in one (IV) there is an effect in the other (DV).
Control variables: These are variables that are kept constant to prevent them from becoming confounding variables.
Sampling methods: Sampling is the process through which the individuals to study in the experiment are chosen and obtained. There are several techniques to obtain this sample.
Random sampling: It consists of randomly choosing individuals who represent the target population. The larger the sample, the more representative it will be of the target population.
Stratified sampling: In this method, characteristics of the target population that are essential for the study are sought, and it is about maintaining the proportion of individuals with these characteristics in the sample.
Self-selection sampling: The sample participates voluntarily, that is, they arrive by convocation. They may not be representative due to the extra motivation they have (incentives).
Generalizability
Construct validity: It tells us if the operationalization is according to the phenomenon to be studied. Operationalization consists of reducing the phenomenon studied to observable and measurable behaviors.
Internal validity: Internal validity is high when the risk that the results of the experiment are given by confounding variables has been almost totally reduced. If so, our research will gain credibility.
External validity
Population validity: This is how much the findings of the experiment can be applied to the target population.
Ecological validity: It refers to how much the situations that are used in a controlled environment such as that of the laboratory can be extended to real life situations.
Bias: These are factors that tend to cause confusion when evaluating the cause and effect relationship between the manipulation of the independent variable and the changes evidenced in the dependent variable.
Selection: It happens when for some reason the groups are not equivalent at the beginning of the experiment. The results may be due to this difference and not to the manipulation of the independent variable.
History: They are external factors that occur while doing the experiment. They can affect the results if it affects the comparison groups unevenly, or if it influences the dependent variable.
Maturation: When throughout the experiment in the subject or subjects natural changes such as growth, maturity or fatigue are appreciated, and the result of the investigation may be due to these natural changes.
Testing effect: When individuals are subjected to measurement methods on more than one occasion, the changes evidenced in these measurements may be due to the experience obtained from the first experience with these measurement methods. They have gained experience and feel more comfortable than the first time.