Muscular System

Major Functions

3 Types of Muscles and their functions

Names of Muscles

Sarcomere

Sliding Filament Theory

Action potential

Neuromuscular Junction

Muscle Coverings

Upper Body

Lower Body

Facial

Frontalis

Zygomaticus

Buccinator

Orbicularis Oculi

Orbicularis Oris

Masseter

Sternocleidomastoid

Platysma

Trapezius

Tricep brachii

Deltoid

Bicep Brachii

brachioradialis

External oblique

latissimus dorsi

Tibialis anterior

soleus

gluteus maximus

gastrocnemius

semimebranosus

semitendinosis

bicep femoris

sartorius

gracilis

First the impulse arrives from the brain then acetylcholine is released along with calcium to attach to the troponin and move the tropomyosin out of the way to create binding sites. Then myosin heads can bind with the actin filaments to form a cross bridge. The myosin head cocks back and then moves forward using ATP. This pulls the filaments together and that is the contraction of the muscle.

Step 4: The acetylcholine moves into the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors in the channels

Step 5: the ligand-gated caution channels begin to open

Step 3: Calcium entering causes the synaptic vesicles to release the acetylcholine that it's storing.

Step 6: Sodium ions enter the muscle fiber same time while potassium ions are released from the muscle fiber this causes the muscle membrane to become less negative

Step 2: Calcium channels open within the axon terminal, this allows the sarcoplasmic reticulum to go into the axon terminal

Step 7: Once the muscle membrane reaches a certain threshold value action potential spreads across the sarcolemma

Step 1: Impulse travels down motor neuron to the axon terminal (end)

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Striated

Found connected to bones through tendons

Voluntary

Found in organ walls

Involuntary

Nonstriated

Involuntary

Only found in the heart

Striated

Only muscle type that contains intercalated discs

Fascia is a dense connective tissue that separates each muscle from each other

aponeuroses is sometimes used in the body to connect muscles, it is a broad sheet of CT

Epimysium is a layer of CT that is found around each skeletal muscle

Perimysium surrounds each bundle of skeletal muscle fibers called fascicles

Each skeletal muscle fiber is covered by endomysium

A sarcomere extends from one z line to another

I bands are made up of actin filaments and are anchored to the z lines

A bands are made of overlapping filaments (thick and thin)

In the center of the a band is the h zone which is made up of just myosin filaments

The M line is in the middle of the h zone and it consists of proteins that hold the myosin filaments together

action potential is when a neuron sends information down an axon(away from the cell body) and it is basically a spike of electrical activity that is created in our body

Skeletal muscles contract in order to move our body parts around, the muscles can only contract and pull. So the body has muscles that move in both directions like the bicep and tricep for example

Cardiac muscle is used to pump blood throughout out body at all times, this is why it is involuntary, it needs to be working 24/7/365

Smooth muscle maintains arteries diameter or closes it to restrict blood flow, it is pretty much used as the body's valves they are just like other muscles and can only contract and relax.