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Coggle Unit 2 - Coggle Diagram
Coggle Unit 2
- The Human Population + 9. Population and Development
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What is the IMPACT or IPAT formula and what does it tell us? How does affluence affect our environment? What about impoverishment? Both have impacts but they are usually different.
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Population (P), affluence and consumption patterns (A), and technology in society (T)
(Due to wealth) -/- (Small population = large impact) – (Stewardship in developed countries > can moderate environmental impacts)
Define total fertility rate (TFR) and how it applies to replacement-level fertility. Which countries have the highest TFR?
- Total fertility rate (TFR): average # of children
a woman has over her lifetime
- Replacement-level fertility: fertility rate replacing population of parents (2.1 for high income countries) (Higher in low-income countries (child mortality))
What are the different phases of the demographic transition? What phase are we in? What phase are most developing countries in?
- Demographic Transition
– Birth and death rates
- Epidemiologic Transition: discovery of modern
medicine, death rates have decreased dramatically (we are in this phase)
- Fertility Transition: reproduction decrease in low
income countries.
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What are the components of the demographic transition? How do countries move through the demographic transition?
- Demographic Transition
– Birth and death rates
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What are the environmental and social consequences of rapid population growth in rural, developing nations? Developed?
(overconsumption of resources) -/- (focus more on life than environment) -/- (some cases similar to poverty trap)
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Describe the different revolutions that have promoted population growth. How did they result in growth?
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Environmental Revolution: robotics / green nanotech - reduce environmental foot print and stabilize population
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What is demography?
Demography: field of collecting, compiling, and presenting information about human populations
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- The Value, Use, and Restoration of Ecosystems
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What is an ecosystem’s Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)? What is the optimal population level for this to occur? How does this relate to the precautionary principle?
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) –Can apply to maintenance of parks, air and water quality, and soils
• Optimal population • Precautionary principle • Common-pool resources may be problem – “Tragedy of the Commons”
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY): highest possible rate of use system can match with own rate of replacement/maintenance
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- Wild Species and Biodiversity
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Why do the mountains of Haiti look so different from its neighboring country, the Dominican Republic?
Compared to the Dominican Republic, the area of flat land good for intensive agriculture in Haiti is much smaller, as a higher percentage of Haiti's area is mountainous. There is more limestone terrain, and the soils are thinner and less fertile and have a lower capacity for recovery.
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What are invasive species? Be able to identify and describe 1 particular invasive species. Why do they invade? What are some examples of the issues they invoke on the environment?
- Invasive species – organisms not native to
area that causes environmental damage
- Reasons for invasion? 1. Accidental 2. Deliberate 3. Gradual
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- Ecosystems: Energy, Patterns, and Disturbances
What is ecological succession and what are the types? What role does fire/other disturbances play in succession?
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- Secondary: area cleared by fire, human activity or flooding and then left alone, is reinvaded by plants and animals from other ecosystems
- Primary: area lacking plants and soils is initially invaded by plants when soil forms
- Aquatic: soil particles eroded from land or plant detritus build up in ponds or lakes, eventually filling them
Fire and Succession • Some pine species require fire • Resilience: ability of ecosystems to return to normal after disturbance • Tipping Point: situation in human impacted ecosystem where small action catalyzes major change in system state
What are biomes? Be able to identify different biomes and what factors control where they occur. Which biomes are the most productive and why?
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Tropical forests have the highest biodiversity and primary productivity of any of the terrestrial biomes.
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Why are terrestrial trophic levels not as efficient as those found in aquatic systems? How many trophic levels do most ecosystems support?
Thought the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is usually greater in aquatic systems as less biomass is locked up in bone and skeletal materials compared to to flesh.
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What are the main differences between terrestrial, aquatic, and detrital food webs/pyramids?
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A detrital food web consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying organic matter (dead organisms), called decomposers or detritivores.
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A terrestrial food web is a diagram showing the transfer of energy between different species in a land ecosystem.
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