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Older Adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Greater risk with increased age
      - Smoking and alcohol use contribute to risk
      - Symptoms:
        
        Dysphagia
        
        Weight loss
        
        Excessive salivation
        
        Thirst
        
        Hiccups
        
        Anemia
      - Pathology:
        
        The occurrence of the squamous cells of the esophagus becoming mutated. The two types of this cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. This is an aggressive type of cancer due to the immense blood flow that occurs around the esophagus that can allow the cancer to be fed with the nutrient it needs.
    - - This is the involuntary control of the passage of stool leading to involuntary defecation. It is often associated with fecal impaction
        
        ALWAYS assess for impaction first
      - Symptoms:
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Constipation
        
        Gas
        
        Bloating
- - - - Emptying of the bladder becomes more difficult
      - Daytime urinary frequency increases
      - Nocturia
      - Capacity decreases by one-half in older age
- - - - Glucocorticoids
      - 17-Ketosteroids
      - Progesterone
      - Androgen
      - Estrogen
  - - - ACTH
      - TSH
      - Follice-Stimulating Hormone
      - Luteinizing Hormone
      - Luteotropic Hormone
- - - - The anterior-posterior chest diameter increases which is often seen with kyphosis
      - Thoracic muscles become more rigid
        
        Thoracic and accessory muscles have more resistant to move during inspiration and expiration
      - Trachea and rib cage become more rigid
    - - Causes issues in expeling mucous
  - - - Increase in size is caused by their lost elasticity
      - Increased ventilation and perfusion are imbalanced
      - Increased dead space in the lungs
    - - Caused by the lungs losing their ability to recoil
  - - - Pathology
        
        Inflammation of the bronchial tubes of the lungs. It includes chronic sputum with cough production daily for a minimum of 3 months in 2 consecutive years.
      - Symptoms:
        
        Fatigue
        
        Mucous production
        
        Persistent cough
        
        Shortness of breath
        
        Fever
        
        Cyanosis
        
        Wheezing
    - - Symptoms:
        
        Barrel chest
        
        Wheezing
        
        Quiet breath sounds
        
        Shortness of breath
      - Pathology
        
        The occurrence of the air sacs in the lungs becoming hyper inflated and are unable to deflate. This reduced the air sacs in the lungs and causes gas exchange to be diminished.
- - - - Causes blood vessels in the head, neck, and extremities to be prominent
    - - Can lead to a rise in systolic blood pressure
  - - - Symptoms:
        
        Dull headache
        
        Impaired memory
        
        Disorientation
        
        Confusion
        
        Slow tremor
      - Incidence and prevalence increases with age
      - Pathology:
        
        The occurrence of high blood pressure of systolic over 140 mm Hg and diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It involved the amount of blood the heart pumps and the resistance of the blood vessels of the peripheral arteries.
    - - Incidence increases with age
      - Leading cause of hospitalization
      - Symptoms:
        
        Crackles
        
        Shortness of breath
        
        Dyspnea
        
        Cough
        
        Fatigue
        
        Restlessness
        
        Confusion
        
        Insomnia
        
        Depression
        
        Agitation
        
        Orthopnea
        
        Wheezing
        
        Weight gain
        
        Bilateral ankle edema
      - Pathology:
        
        Occurs to the heart muscle lacking the ability to pump blood to the body. This can result in the blood being backed up into the lungs and ultimately the peripheral blood vessels.
- - - - Visual acuity decline
    - - Light perception threshold decreases
      - Dark and light adaptation takes longer
      - Difficulty with vision during the night
- - - - Vulva atrophies
      - Loss of subcutaneous fat and hair
      - Flattening of the labia
    - - Collagen and adipose tissue is decreased
      - Shortening and narrowing of the canal
      - Lubrication is decreased
        
        This can lead to discomfort with intercourse
      - Alkaline vaginal pH results from lower estrogen changes
  - - - Erectile Dysfunction
        
        Pathology
        
        The males inability to attain or maintain an erection of the penis for sexual intercourse. This can be caused by circulatory issues such as atherosclerosis or hypertension. Other causes include renal failure, alcoholism, and structural abnormalities.
        
        Symptoms
        
        Inability to maintain an erection
        
        Inability to start an erection
        
        A problem affecting half of men over the age of 70 years old
        
        Not normal for aging