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Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams) - Coggle Diagram
Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)
Psychology
Based on the relationship between
rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming
. Considering
EEGs, and REM and non-REM sleep
.
Ptcps and Sampling
Sampling techinique:
Opportunity
Sample size
9 aldults ptcpted: 7 males, 2 females
5 were studied in detail ,4 were used to confirm the results of the first 5
General procedure
ate normally
no caffeine + alcohol
arrived before normal bedtime
attached electrodes to the head
slept in a dark quite room
were woken by a doorbell at various time during the night (were state on walking if they were dreaming or not and were asked if relevant to recount the dream into a recording device)
usually ptcps went back to sleep after 5m
Controls
the environment was highly controlled in the lab
doorbell was loud -> wake at any stage of sleep
experimenter waited to ask any question until they were sure the ptcps had finished recording
dreams counted: clear recollections
dreams not counted: vague fragmented recollections
Research method:
quasi experiment w a repeated measures desgin was conducted in a laboratory
Experimental design:
a repeated measures design
Three IVs
IV1: Occurrence of Stage of Sleep
Level 1 - REM sleep
Level 2 - nREM sleep
IV2: Duration of REM sleep
Level 1 - 5m
Level 2 - 10m
IV3: Pattern of Eye Movement during REM sleep
Level 1 - mainly vertical
Level 2 - mainly horiozontal
Level 3 - both vertical + horizontal
Level 4 - very liitle/ no movement
Conclusions
Dreaming is reported fr REM sleep
but
not nREM sleep
Ptcps were able to judge dream length
REM patterns relate to dream content
REM stages are longer at the end of the night (-> makes dreaming more likely “)
Strengths
Standardised procedure
Caffeine/ Alcohol levels
Doorbell allowed for instant walking
—> Makes the study easy to replicate
Controls
EEG monitoring system
Sleep conditions
Doorbell
No ptcp awareness of what stage they were woken
—> More easily relate cause and effect
Weaknesses
Lower ecological validity
-> Sleep environment was not their natural environment (electrodes, different bed)
- Lacks mundane realism
-> Being woken up and asked to recount the dream was not sth that would normally happen
Generalisability
Both genders represented
But only 5 people which is a very small sample size
However, all people do sleep w REM and nREM stages
Self Reports
Uncertainty abt dream content
Brain chemistry affects recall once woken & ptcps could have made up some parts to please the experimenter ->
reducing validity
Ethics issues
Deception
of WD: could cause distress & considers informed consent
Confidentiality
: only the individuals initials were used to preserve anonymity
Protection
: unusual sleep may have reduced sleep quality and affected the daily activities of ptcps the next day
Aims
A difference in the
number of instances
of dream recll depending on whether ptcps were awoken during REM or nREM sleep
The
duration of REM sleep
was related to the
length of the dream
the ptcp experienced
Different
patterns of eye movement
during REM sleep were associated w different directions of movements in dream content
Application (EEG)
identify sleep stages and access sleep disorders
carry out further studies into the effect of drugs and activities on sleep
analyse the sleep quality of individuals