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Social Psychology, Conditions w Impaired Social Functioning:
↓ ability…
Social Psychology
Cognition
Attributions
- Process where we explain our own behavior & others behavior
- Formed thru:
- Situational attribution: others' actions, situations (external)
- Dispositional attribution: personality (internal)
- Fundamental attribution error: overestimate internal underestimate external (bcos of personality rather than situation)
Attitudes
- +/- response to ppl, objects, ideas or situations
- affective (feel) , behavioral (do) , cognitive (think)
- Poor predictors of behavior
- May be implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious)
- Formed thru:
- direct contact or instruction
- interactions w others
- observational learning
- Persuasion: attitudes change after communication from others
- Cognitive dissonance: discomfort experienced when one's behavior conflicts w personal cognitions/beliefs
- Can ↓ by changing conflicting behavior or cognition or develop new cognitions to justify behavior
- Impression formation: first impressions
- Social categorisation: auto & unconscious categorizing of new acquaintance into a certain grp due to past experiences
- based on implicit personality theory: assumptions of how types of ppl, personality & actions are related (formed in childhood)
- Schemas: mental patterns representing beliefs on types of ppl, becomes stereotypes in adulthood
- Stereotypes: beliefs characteristics shared by all members of a particular social grp
Influence
Group Behavior
- Grp's influence on indiv's behavior thru
- grp polarization: like-minded grp → more extreme decisions made
- social facilitation: +ve influence of others on performance if task is easy
- social impairment: -ve influence of others on performance if task is tough
- social loafing: ppl slack in grp cos easy to hide
- deindividuation: loss of awareness of own individuality in grps (↑ when grps r large, wear masks/uni)
Compliance
- Doing what you're asked by one with no real authority
- Consumer psych: to increase sales
- Techniques include
- Foot in the Door: small → bigger req
- Door in the Face: bigger → smaller aft rejection
- Lowball: once commitment made, cost ↑
Conformity
- Complying w social pressures & changing behavior to match others due to real or imagined pressure
- Increases when
- admire grp status → feel incompetent or insecure
- in grp >3 ppl & everyone else agrees
- no prior commitment to a certain response
- uk you're being observed
- from culture that strongly respects social standards (Japan)
- Occurs due to one's need to feel approved or gain new info
- Extreme form: Groupthink where grp maintains grp unity > critically evaluate facts → faulty decision making
- illusion of invulnerability or unanimity
- self-censor: no concerns voiced
- pressure to conform by members/leader
Obedience
- Following orders at the command of an authority figure
- Milgram's study of obedience
Interaction
Antisocial Relations (-)
Prejudice
- Prejudgement based on unsupported & -ve stereotypes
- Beliefs: stereotypes
- emotions: fear / hostility
- predisposition: thoughts (need not act) & actions
- Discrimination: unjustifiable -ve behavior (incl actions) towards a grp due to prejudice
- Explicit: conscious even if not publicly shown (aware)
- Implicit: unconscious (unaware)
- In-grps (us) VS out-grps (them)
- Occurs due to:
- psychological: to deflect feelings of anxiety
- social: pressure from friends/family
- economic: to justify yr grp's economic interests (losing job to foreigners)
- cultural & national: bonds ppl to own grp
- Theories of Prejudice:
- Social cognitive theory: prejudice is an attitude
- Realistic conflict theory: conflict btwn in & outgrp seeking common resources
- Social identity theory: categorisation, identification, comparison responsible for formation of person's identity within a social grp
- ↓ prejudice when equal status/power, support from authorities or media, chances to socialize tgt or work tgt for a common goal
Aggression
- Any behavior (verbal or physical) intended to harm someone physcially or emotionally
- Caused by:
- Biology: fighting instincts for survival
- Genetics: variations in amygdala activation
- Chemical influences: internal (testosterone), external (alcohol)
- Social learning theory: aggressive behavior learnt thru observations of others (Bandura)
- adopting social role (soldier)
- childhood experience of abuse
- exposure to violent media
Prosocial Relations (+)
Attraction
- Liking or desiring rs with someone based on physical attraction, proximity (physically close) , similarity, reciprocity (liking ppl who like u)
- Love as a :small_red_triangle: : intimacy (connectedness), passion (phys, sexual attraction), commitment (verbal or legal)
Altruism
- Socially desirable behavior that benefits others w no expectations for reward, even at own risk
- Related to presence of others
- Bystander effect: less likely to help as observers increase, due to diffusion of responsibility
- May lead to bystander apathy
- Help ↑ when:
- have just observed others being helpful
- person NEEDS help
- similar to us / is a woman
- if not in a hurry & focusing on others / in good mood / feel guilty
- in small town / rural
Conditions w Impaired Social Functioning:
- ↓ ability to unds what others think / want
- Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Depression, Personality or Anxiety disorders