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Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Frontal, Zygomatic, Sphenoidal sinuses
    - - Nasopharynx
        
        Connects to ear
        via Eustachian Tube
      - Orapharynx
      - Laryngopharynx
  - - - Cartilage
        
        Thyroid- larges, wraps around
        
        Cricoid- rings of cartilage
        
        Arytenoid (2) pivot in cricoid,
      - Vocal folds
        
        Arytenoid --> Thyroid
        
        Adduction+Abduction for exhalation
        
        Tension+Relaxation for frequency
    - - Larynx to T5 anterior
      - Tracheal cartilages 16-20 incomplete rings (hyaline)
    - - Pathway
        
        Primary Branch
        
        Entrance to lungs
        
        Secondary Branch
        
        Branches in lungs
        
        Tertiary Branch
        
        Cartilage plates
        
        Bronchioles
        
        Bronchoconstriction-- contract smooth muscle
        problem with this = asthma
        
        Alveoli (in lobules)
        
        Cell Type
        
        Type I pneumocyte: simple squamous, gas exhange
        
        Type II pneumocytes: free surface, (surfactant) prevent collapse
        
        Alveolar macrophages: remove debris/pathogens
      - Shape
        
        Right Lung
        
        Two partitions, three lobes, higher (dent)
        
        Left Lung
        
        One partition, two lobes
  - - - Diaphragm
        External Intercoastal
        Sternocleidomastoid
        Serratus anterior
        Pectoralis Minor
        Scalenes
    - - Rectus Abdominis
        Internal Intercostals
        Transversus Thoracis
        Obliques
- - - - Visceral (in organs + special senses)
      - Somatic (ie skeletal, join, skin)
    - - Somatic (ie commands skeletal)
      - Visceral (ie smooth muscle, cardia, glands)
      - Autonomic
        
        Sympathetic
        
        Connect via thoracic/lumbar regions
        
        Pre-ganglionic in spinal cord
        
        Ganglionic
        in ganglia near vertebral column
        
        Sympathetic chain (U shape around spinal cord)
        
        Collateral (digestive region)
        
        Suprarenal (within ganglion)
        
        Parasympathetic
        
        Pre-ganglionic in brain + spinal cord
        
        Ganglionic in ganglia near effector
        
        Effects more comprehensive but LESS specific
        
        Enteric
  - - - Bundles in fascicles w/
        axons and capillaries
      - Bound by loose CT
        
        Perineurium (around fascicle)
        
        Endoneurium (around axon)
        
        Epineurium (continuous of dura matter)
  - - - Dorsal (unipolar sensory, afferent)
      - Ventral (motor control, efferent)
    - - Dorsal Ramus
      - Ventral Ramus
      - Rami Communicants
    - - Referred Pain
        sensation diff from region
    - - C1-C5 Cervical
        C5-T1 Brachial
        L1-L4 Lumbar
        S1-S5 Sacral
- - - - Nociceptors
        
        Free Nerve Ending
        
        ATP found outside cell = dmg
    - - Thermoreceptor
        
        Free Nerve Ending
        
        Responds to chemical binding (ie mints)
    - - Stretch
        
        Ruffini Corpuscle (encapsulated, stretching)
        
        Muscle spindles (proprioception)
      - Touch/Pressure
        
        Non-Encapsulated
        
        Merkel (pressure)
        
        Root hair plexus (touch)
        
        Encapsulated
        
        Tactile corpuscle (gentle pressure)
        
        Lamellated Corpuscle (strong pressure)
  - - - Photoreception
        
        Tarsal glands = secretions
        
        Conjunctiva = cover inner palpebra
        
        Lacrimal glands = tears
        
        Cavities
        
        Anterior (aq humor)
        
        Posterior (Vitreous Body)
        
        Ailments
        
        Glaucoma = excess pressure
        
        Floaters = dark spots due to debris
      - Tunics
        
        Fibrous
        
        Cornea (transparent)
        
        Sclera (white, dense irregular)
        
        Vascular
        
        Choroid (captures scattered light)
        
        Ciliary Body (Secrete aq humor)
        
        Iris (pigment, around pupil)
        
        Pupil (passage for light)
        
        Lens (focus light)
        
        Ciliary muscle + zonular fibers = focus
      - Retina
        
        Optic disc = blind spot, optic nerve insertion
        
        Central Fovea
        
        Layers
        
        Pigmented (melanocytes)
        
        Photoreceptors (light + color)
    - - Inner Ear
        
        Vestible
        
        Saccule = vertical acc
        
        Utricle= horizontal acc
        
        3 semicircular canals = detect rotation via fluid displacement
        
        Cochlea
        
        Detect sound
        
        Low freq = inside swirl, high freq near edge
        
        Scala vestibuli + scala tympani
        
        Hair cells
        
        3 outer = motor
        
        1 inner = hearing
        
        Stapes push out oval window --> round window bulges
      - External Ear
        
        Pinna direct sound to ear
        
        External Acoustic Meatus = protect
      - Middle Ear
        
        Connect to mouth via eustachian tube
        
        Eardrum bulge = vibration --> malleus --> incus --> stapes
    - - Olfaction
        
        Basal Stem cell --> olfactory receptor --> epithelial supporting cell
        
        ~50 primary smells
      - Gustation
        
        Foliate Papilla (large folds)
        
        Fungiform Papilla (mushroom shaped)
        
        Filiform Papilla (smallest, no taste buds)
        
        Circumvallate papilla (V structure, least amt)
- - - - Adventitia
        
        Collagen/Elastic Fibers
      - Intima
        
        Simple Squamous
      - Media
        
        Smooth muscle
    - - Elastic
        
        Relatively thick intima and adventitia
        
        Stretches to absorb pressure during ventricular systole
      - Muscular
        
        Relatively thick media
        
        Vasodilation/Contraction
      - Arterioles
        
        Reduced adventitia
        
        Diverts blood flow locally
    - - Structure
        
        Endothelium surrounded
        by basal lamina
        
        Async pre-capillary sphincters
        
        Return to main via thoroughfare channel
        
        Branches anastomose
      - Types
        
        Continous
        
        Fenestrated
        
        Sinusoid
    - - Venules
        
        Reduced Media
        
        Valves (folding) cause blood flow to heart
      - Medium-Sized
        
        Venous Blood Reserve
        
        Skeletal Muscle Pump
      - Large Veins
        
        Thoracoabdominal Pump
  - - - Hepatic Portal System
      - Fetal Circulation (via umbilical cord)
- - - - Brain Stem
        
        Pons
        
        Apneustic/Pneumotaxic centers = breathing rate
        
        Middle cerebellar peduncle (white matter)
        
        Midbrain/Mesencephalon
        
        Cerebral peduncle:
        tracts of white matter
        
        Corpora Quadrigeminal
        
        Superior (visual)
        
        Inferior (auditory)
        
        Substantia nigra- neurons for motor ctrl
        
        Medulla Oblongata
        
        Centers for: Respiratory rhythmicity + heart rate
        
        Fxn: relay station, visceral functions
      - Cerebellum
        
        Peduncles connect to each brain stem pt
        
        Fxn: Fine motor control coordination + balance
      - Diencephalon
        
        Thalamus
        
        Dominated by grey matter
        
        Medial/Lateral Genicular --> auditory and visual
        
        Fxn: Major relay of information before cerebrum
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Fxn: Autonomic
        
        Connects with pituitary gland
        
        Epithalamus
        
        Pineal gland=circadian rhythm
      - Cerebrum
        
        Sulcus=groove
        Gyrus=ridges
        
        Structure
        
        Frontal Lobe
        
        Process conscious info
        
        Anterior=conscious thinking
        Posterior=primary motor cortex
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        Anterior=primary sensory cortex
        
        Occipital Lobe
        
        Visual Cortex
        
        Temporal Lobe
        
        Auditory + Olfactory Cortex
        
        Insula
        
        Gustatory cortex
        
        White Matter
        
        Longitudinal- connect anterior-posterior
        
        Corpus Callosum + Anterior Commissure- connect sides
        
        Arcuate- connect neighboring gyri
        
        Projection cerebrum - cerebrum to rest of brain
      - Pituitary Gland
      - Olfactory Bulb
    - - Falx Cerebri (split cerebral hemispheres)
      - Tentorium Cerebelli (cerebellum from occipital)
      - Falx Cerebelli (cerebellar hemispheres)
      - Diaphragma sellae (pituitary)
    - - Lateral Ventricles
      - 3rd Ventricle
      - 4th Ventricle
      - Path
        
        Spinal cord/median aperture
        
        Sagittal Sinus
  - - - Pia matter- simple squamous
      - Arachnoid matter- simple squamous
      - Subarachnoid space- CSF and blood vessels
      - Dura matter- dense irregular CT
    - - Gray Matter
        
        Anterior grey horns = motor
        
        Lateral grey horns = viscera trunk innervation
        
        Posterior grey horns= sensory
      - White matter
        (myelinated axons)
        
        L/R anterior, lateral, posterior columns
        
        Ascending/descending carry stimuli
        
        Anterior commissure btwn sides
- - - - Classification
        
        Shape
        
        Multipolar
        Bipolar
        Unipolar
        
        Fxn
        
        Sensory (afferent)
        Motor (efferent)
        Interneurons
      - Structure
        
        Dendrites
        
        Cell Body
        
        Nissl Body
        
        Axon
        
        Myelin Sheath
        
        Nodes of Ranvier
    - - CNS
        
        Astrocytes (nourish+protect)
        
        Oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheath)
        
        Microglia (eat particles)
        
        Ependymal (line brain ventricles)
      - PNS
        
        Schwann Cell (produce myelin wraps)
        
        Satellite Cells (nourish)
        
        Ganglion
  - - - Nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals,
        bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
      - Outer in brain (except in basal nuclei), inner in spinal cord
    - - myelinated processes
      - Inner in brain, outer in spinal cord