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Genome and Mutations - Coggle Diagram
Genome and Mutations
Single gene mutations
There are 3 types
The
insertion
of one or more nucleotides into a DNA sequence
The
Substitution
of one nucleotide with another
The
deletion
of one or more nucleotides from a sequence
Point mutations
Nonsense
Change the codon in an amino acid to a stop codon
Results in a shorter protein being produced
Shortened protein is non-functional or its function is affected
Splice-site
Affects the boundaries between introns and exons
Can prevent splicing at that site
A very different protein is created due to some introns being included or some exons being removed
Missense
May result in protein changing shape so it cannot carry out its function
Some changes in amino acid may not have significant effect
Changes the codon so that a different amino acid is produced
Frame-shift mutations
Insertions and deletions result in frame-shift mutations
Resulting protein is usually significantly altered or non-functional
Chromosome structure mutations
These mutations are a result of errors in cell division that cause changes in a chromosome
There are 4 types
Translocation
is where a section of a chromosome is added to another chromosome that is not its homologous partner
Inversion
is where a section of a chromosome is reversed
Deletion
is where a section of a chromosome is removed
Duplication
is when a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner
Mutations have two results
No protein is expressed
An altered protein is expressed
There are 2 main types of mutation
Chromosome structure mutations
Result of alterations to the structure of one or more whole chromosomes
Single gene mutations
Result of a change to a single DNA nucleotide
Changes in the genome are known as mutations
A mutation is a random change to genetic material
A mutation can be inherited
The rate of mutations can be increased by radiation and some chemicals