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Immune Cell Types and Differentiation, Broad/Overarching Sources! (more…

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        Immature Dendritic Cells
        
        Matures once it makes its way to the lymph nodes after coming into contact with antigen
        
        Mature Dendritic cells
        
        Found in lymph nodes
        
        Inform T and B cells of the antigen they have to be concerned about, so that they can present the proper antigen receptors.
        
        Aka antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
        
        Connect the innate and adaptive immune systems
        
        Dendritic cells YouTube video
        
        Found in tissues
        
        Ingest microorganisms via phagocytosis, then coat themselves in the bits of the microorganisms (antigen-presenting). Subsequently travel to lymph nodes through the lymphatic system (blood vessels).
        
        Dendritic cells travel to lymph nodes, where they find matching T-cell and are responsible in T cell activation
        
        Results in T cell proliferation and differentiation
        
        Effect of vaccination route (relative to lymph node site) on innate/adaptive immunity, and antigen tracking
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Sensor cells
        
        Detect infection and initiate immune responses through pattern recognition receptors, which are able to recognize specific components of microbes.
        
        Include Toll-like receptors (transmembrane protein receptors), NOD-like receptors (cytoplasm protein), mannose receptors, and many more
        
        Fundamental part of innate recognition
        
        Very new area of research
        
        Secrete cytokines and chemokines, inflammatory mediators that attract cells with the appropriate receptors.
        
        Ralph Steinman discover of Dendritic cells
      - Macrophage/Granulocyte progenitor
        
        Granulocytes (or polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
        
        Eosinophils and Basophils
        
        Granulocytes with unique staining properties (this is what differentiates them from neutrophils).
        
        Most important in defense against parasites, and contribute to allergic inflammatory reactions.
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Take up microorganisms (manly bacteria) via phagocytosis and destroy them in intracellular vesicles
        
        Most numerous and important cells in innate immune response.
        
        Short-lived cells
        
        "suicide warriors of the blood"
        
        Don't reside in tissues - only in the blood
        
        Phagocyte
        
        Early research on phagocytosis - helped solidify field of cellular immunology
        
        Sensor cells
        
        The Immune System’s Weirdest Weapon - Atlantic article
        
        Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils - NCBI article
        
        Granulocyte
        
        Monocyte
        
        Macrophages
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Engulf and kill invading microorganisms in tissues (first defense in innate immunity)
        
        Dispose of pathogens and infected cells targeted by an adaptive immune response.
        
        Work together to target protein-coated bacteria using Complement Receptors.
        
        Resident in almost all tissues
        
        Arise during embryonic development, or from differentiated monocytes.
        
        Sensor cells
        
        Macrophages: good guys in colorectal cancer in-depth article
        
        Macrophages subtypes - YouTube video
        
        Circulate in the blood, then differentiate into macrophages once they reach tissues.
        
        Engulf and kill invading microorganisms in blood (phagocyte)
        
        Can differentiate into dendritic cells
        
        Monocytes versus Macrophages - article
        
        Monocytes vs Macrophages - YouTube video
        
        Precursor of Mast cell (unknown), mature into mast cells in peripheral tissues (skin, lungs, intestines)
        
        Mast Cells
        
        Release granules that protect internal surfaces from pathogens.
        
        These granules contain small inflammatory molecules - histamine, TNF-alpha, and cathelicidins
        
        Mast cells recruit NK and T cells in response to viral infection primary study
        
        Understanding Mast cell activation disorders -YouTube video
        
        Resides in bone marrow
        
        Stem cell
      - Found in bone marrow
      - First step in the myeloid lineage.
      - Erythrocyte/Megakaryocyte progenitor
        
        Resides in bone marrow
        
        Megakaryotcyte
        
        Platelets
        
        Erythroblast
        
        Erythrocyte
      - Precursor of macrophages, granulocytes, and mast cells (all innate immune cells), and dendritic cells of the innate immune system.
      - A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages - Nature article
  - - - Precursor of different kinds of lymphoblasts, which will eventually become T cells, B cells, NK cells, and certain types of dendritic cells.
      - ILC
        
        Lymphatic ILC
        
        Activated ILC
        
        Develop in bone marrow, reside in peripheral tissues
        
        Mediate inflammatory responses
        
        Lack antigen-specific receptors; closely related to NK cells
        
        Amplify signals delivered by innate recognition due to cytokine stimulation (cytokines are released by macrophages and dendritic cells), and then produce even more cytokines.
        
        3 main groups of ILCs, categorized by which cytokines they release and respond to
        
        Innate Lymphoid cell
        
        Innate Lymphoid cells - Nature YouTube video
        
        Innate Lymphoid cells: 10 years on - scholarly article
      - Natural Killer Cell
        
        Activated NK cell
        
        Ability to kill certain tumor cell lines without specific activation.
        
        Kill cells by releasing cytotoxic granules, very similarly to cytotoxic T cells
        
        Have receptors that trigger caspace-induced apoptosis to kill target cells.
        
        Ability to recognize certain tumors and cells infected with viruses
        
        Lack antigen-specific receptors; instead express many different innate receptors that can respond to infections by specific viruses
        
        Play important role in innate response to viral infections
        
        Larger than T and B cells
        
        Natural killer cell-based immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia
        
        NK cells 3D animation YouTube video
      - T cell
        
        Naive T cell
        
        Activated (effector) T cell
        
        aka antigen-specific T cells
        
        Cytotoxic T cells
        
        Kill other cells with intracellular pathogens (viruses)
        
        Cytotoxic T cells YouTube video
        
        Helper T cells
        
        3 types
        
        produce different patterns of cytokines
        
        Proliferates and differentiates once it encounters an antigen it can bind to
        
        Regulatory T cells
        
        Scientists Are Teaching the Body to Accept New Organs - nytimes article that includes new Reg T cell innovations
        
        Peptide fragments coat an infected cell's surface, which are on the surface thanks to them being bound to MHC molecules. T cells subsequently recognize this peptide-MHC molecule complex
        
        Discovery of MHC-restriction pertaining to antigen recognition by T cells
        
        Reside in lymphoid organs, and are activated by mature dendritic or other signaling cells
        
        Require signals from antigen receptors as well as costimulatory receptors in order to activate into antigen-specific cells
        
        Co-stimulation and toll-receptors
        
        Mature recirculating T cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigens
        
        Defnining feature is the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)
        
        have distinct structure and recognition properties
        
        Memory cell
        
        Responsible for long-lasting immunity
        
        formed during adaptive immune response and can sit around in your body for life, waiting for their specific antigen to come around.
        
        There are memory T and B cells
        
        Memory B Cells in Mouse Models - primary research
        
        Memory T cells and long term immunity - YouTube video
        
        Migrate as immature cells from the bone marrow to the thymus to mature
        
        T-cells and COVID - article
        
        Sleep-dependent activity of T cells and regulatory T cells
      - B cell
        
        Naive B cell
        
        Plasma (effector) cell
        
        B cell once antigen has bound to the antigen-receptor
        
        Secrete antibodies which match the antigen that has bound to the B cell
        
        Resting Human Memory B Cells Are Intrinsically Programmed for Enhanced Survival and Responsiveness to Diverse Stimuli Compared to Naive B Cells
        
        Defining feature is the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)
        
        Receptors are formed by immunoglobulins (proteins that are encoded by same genes as antibodies)
        
        Structure of en entire Immunoglobulin discovery
        
        Develop in the bone marrow
        
        B cell, plasma and memory cell animation - YouTube video
      - First cell in the lymphoid lineage
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      - Lymphocyte lineages are both antigen-specific (part of adaptive response) and non antigen-specific (innate response) cells