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Immune Cell Types and Differentiation, Broad/Overarching Sources! (more…
Immune Cell Types and Differentiation
Lymphoid Lineage
T cells
Lymphatic T cells
Effector T cells
Activated T cells
Memory T cells
B cells
Lymphatic B cells
Effector B cells
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
Myeloid Lineage (majority of innate immune cells)
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Mast Cells
Neutrophil
Lymphoid Lineage
Innate Lymphoid cells (ILCs)
Lymphatic ILC
Activated ILC
Natural Killer (NK) cell
Lymphatic NK cell
Activated NK cell
Leukocyte = white blood cells = immune cells
Dendritic Cells
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs)
Broad/Overarching Sources! (more sources below as well)
Landmark cell reviews (all kinds of reserach papers and projects)
Kurzgesagt youtube videos
The immune system explained
How the immune system ACTUALLY works
You are immune against every disease
Bacterial infection
The complement system
The antibiotic apocalypse
Vaccines
What is immunology? - British society for Immunology
Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems
The innate and adaptive immune systems
Immune system and primary immunodeficiency
White blood cell definition
Edward Jenner's book about the first vaccine - founding of the field of immunology!
Scrape wound - episode of Cells At Work Netflix anime show
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
Multipotent progenitor (MPP) cell
<---
Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
--->
Immature Dendritic Cells
Matures once it makes its way to the lymph nodes after coming into contact with antigen
Mature Dendritic cells
Found in lymph nodes
Inform T and B cells of the antigen they have to be concerned about, so that they can present the proper antigen receptors.
Aka antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Connect the innate and adaptive immune systems
Dendritic cells YouTube video
Found in tissues
Ingest microorganisms via phagocytosis, then coat themselves in the bits of the microorganisms (antigen-presenting). Subsequently travel to lymph nodes through the lymphatic system (blood vessels).
Dendritic cells travel to lymph nodes, where they find matching T-cell and are responsible in T cell activation
Results in T cell proliferation and differentiation
Effect of vaccination route (relative to lymph node site) on innate/adaptive immunity, and antigen tracking
Phagocytes
Sensor cells
Detect infection and initiate immune responses through
pattern recognition receptors
, which are able to recognize specific components of microbes.
Include Toll-like receptors (transmembrane protein receptors), NOD-like receptors (cytoplasm protein), mannose receptors, and many more
Fundamental part of innate recognition
Very new area of research
Secrete
cytokines
and
chemokines
, inflammatory mediators that attract cells with the appropriate receptors.
Ralph Steinman discover of Dendritic cells
Macrophage/Granulocyte progenitor
Granulocytes (or polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
Eosinophils and Basophils
Granulocytes with unique staining properties (this is what differentiates them from neutrophils).
Most important in defense against parasites, and contribute to allergic inflammatory reactions.
Neutrophils
Take up microorganisms (manly bacteria) via phagocytosis and destroy them in intracellular vesicles
Most numerous and important cells in innate immune response.
Short-lived cells
"suicide warriors of the blood"
Don't reside in tissues - only in the blood
Phagocyte
Early research on phagocytosis - helped solidify field of cellular immunology
Sensor cells
The Immune System’s Weirdest Weapon - Atlantic article
Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils - NCBI article
Granulocyte
Monocyte
Macrophages
Phagocytes
Engulf and kill invading microorganisms in tissues (first defense in innate immunity)
Dispose of pathogens and infected cells targeted by an adaptive immune response.
Work together to target protein-coated bacteria using Complement Receptors.
Resident in almost all tissues
Arise during embryonic development, or from differentiated monocytes.
Sensor cells
Macrophages: good guys in colorectal cancer in-depth article
Macrophages subtypes - YouTube video
Circulate in the blood, then differentiate into macrophages once they reach tissues.
Engulf and kill invading microorganisms in blood (phagocyte)
Can differentiate into dendritic cells
Monocytes versus Macrophages - article
Monocytes vs Macrophages - YouTube video
Precursor of Mast cell (unknown), mature into mast cells in peripheral tissues (skin, lungs, intestines)
Mast Cells
Release granules that protect internal surfaces from pathogens.
These granules contain small inflammatory molecules - histamine, TNF-alpha, and cathelicidins
Mast cells recruit NK and T cells in response to viral infection primary study
Understanding Mast cell activation disorders -YouTube video
Resides in bone marrow
Stem cell
Found in bone marrow
First step in the myeloid lineage.
Erythrocyte/Megakaryocyte progenitor
Resides in bone marrow
Megakaryotcyte
Platelets
Erythroblast
Erythrocyte
Precursor of macrophages, granulocytes, and mast cells (all innate immune cells), and dendritic cells of the innate immune system.
A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages -
Nature
article
--->
Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
Precursor of different kinds of lymphoblasts, which will eventually become T cells, B cells, NK cells, and certain types of dendritic cells.
ILC
Lymphatic ILC
Activated ILC
Develop in bone marrow, reside in peripheral tissues
Mediate inflammatory responses
Lack antigen-specific receptors; closely related to NK cells
Amplify signals delivered by innate recognition due to cytokine stimulation (cytokines are released by macrophages and dendritic cells), and then produce even more cytokines.
3 main groups of ILCs, categorized by which cytokines they release and respond to
Innate Lymphoid cell
Innate Lymphoid cells - Nature YouTube video
Innate Lymphoid cells: 10 years on - scholarly article
Natural Killer Cell
Activated NK cell
Ability to kill certain tumor cell lines without specific activation.
Kill cells by releasing cytotoxic granules,
very
similarly to cytotoxic T cells
Have receptors that trigger caspace-induced apoptosis to kill target cells.
Ability to recognize certain tumors and cells infected with viruses
Lack antigen-specific receptors; instead express many different innate receptors that can respond to infections by specific viruses
Play important role in innate response to viral infections
Larger than T and B cells
Natural killer cell-based immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia
NK cells 3D animation YouTube video
T cell
Naive T cell
Activated (effector) T cell
aka
antigen-specific
T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Kill other cells with intracellular pathogens (viruses)
Cytotoxic T cells YouTube video
Helper T cells
3 types
produce different patterns of cytokines
Proliferates and differentiates once it encounters an antigen it can bind to
Regulatory T cells
Scientists Are Teaching the Body to Accept New Organs - nytimes article that includes new Reg T cell innovations
Peptide fragments coat an infected cell's surface, which are on the surface thanks to them being bound to MHC molecules. T cells subsequently recognize this peptide-MHC molecule complex
Discovery of MHC-restriction pertaining to antigen recognition by T cells
Reside in lymphoid organs, and are activated by mature dendritic or other signaling cells
Require signals from antigen receptors as well as
costimulatory receptors
in order to activate into antigen-specific cells
Co-stimulation and toll-receptors
Mature recirculating T cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigens
Defnining feature is the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)
have distinct structure and recognition properties
Memory cell
Responsible for long-lasting immunity
formed during adaptive immune response and can sit around in your body for life, waiting for their specific antigen to come around.
There are memory T and B cells
Memory B Cells in Mouse Models - primary research
Memory T cells and long term immunity - YouTube video
Migrate as immature cells from the bone marrow to the thymus to mature
T-cells and COVID - article
Sleep-dependent activity of T cells and regulatory T cells
B cell
Naive B cell
Plasma (effector) cell
B cell once antigen has bound to the antigen-receptor
Secrete antibodies which match the antigen that has bound to the B cell
Resting Human Memory B Cells Are Intrinsically Programmed for Enhanced Survival and Responsiveness to Diverse Stimuli Compared to Naive B Cells
Defining feature is the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)
Receptors are formed by
immunoglobulins
(proteins that are encoded by same genes as antibodies)
Structure of en entire Immunoglobulin discovery
Develop in the bone marrow
B cell, plasma and memory cell animation - YouTube video
First cell in the lymphoid lineage
<---
Lymphocyte lineages are both antigen-specific (part of adaptive response) and non antigen-specific (innate response) cells
An introduction to Haematopoesis - youtube video
Reside in bone marrow
Pluripotent (differentiate into every kind of blood cell)
Beginning of development of all immune cell types.
Always in contact with stromal cells inside the bone marrow
Nuclear Reprogramming in Cells -
Science
article. Mature cells being reprogrammed to become pluripotent (Nobel prize in medicine)
KEY
Turquoise
Introductory articles
Educational videos
Green
Primary research
In-depth immunology education and processes
Red
Basic cell functions and connections to other cells
Yellow
Images
Blue
Lymphoid Lineage cell types
Pink
Myeloid Lineage cell types
Orange
Miscellaneous
Purple
Unique cell types (not necessarily myeloid or lymphoid lineages)
INFO NOT COVERED IN THIS COGGLE
specific mechanisms
Specific anatomical designs of the immune system (lymph nodes, peyer's patches, etc.)
In-depth antigen-receptor/cell communication interactions
Innate immune cells
Adaptive Immune cells