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Muscular system jenifer reyes period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Muscular system jenifer reyes period 2
major functions of the muscular system
muscle expercise and muscle usage
Atrophy- decrease in muscle size and strength because of disuse
skeletal msucles respond to changes in activites
Hypertrophy- elargement of a muscle due to repeated exercise
muscle fatigue
The muscles loses its ability to contract during strenuous exercise
causes all types of movements
heat production
less than half of energy released in reactions of cellular reparation is used to form ATP
the rest of the energy released becomes heat
heat is carried by the blood to the other tissues
Helps maintain body temperature
muscle cramp
t occurs due to the changes in extracellular fluid around muscle fibers
It leads to uncontrolled muscle stimulation by its motor neurons
Sustained painful, involuntary contraction
muscle coverings
epimysium-the layer of connective tissue around each skeletal msucle
perimysium-it extends inward from the epimysium,it surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers, called fascicles, within each muscle
endomysium-Each muscle cell (fiber) is covered by a connective tissue layer called endomysium
3 types of muscles and their functions
smooth
striations- doesnt have striations
nucleus- single nucleus
involuntary
location- Walls of hollow viscera, blood vessels
special features-Lacks transverse tubules
major functionMovement of viscera, peristalsis, vasoconstriction
cardiac
striations-present
nucleus-single nucleus
involuntary
location-wall of heart
special features-Well-developed transverse tubule system; interrelated discs separating adjacent cells
major function-Pumping action of the heart
skeletal
locatioin-Skeletal muscles
major functions Movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture
striations- does have striations
special features-Well-developed transverse tubule system
nucleious- many nuclei
voluntary
Neuromuscular junction
step 4- Acetylcholine goes out of the axon terminal and it crosses the synaptic celft, which ACh receptors are located and gather, the receptors contain ligand gated cation channels
step 5-the channels open
step 3- Calcium cuases synaptic vesicles within the axon terminal to release acetycholine
sodium ions are able to go across the channel to enter the muscle fiber. Potassium ions exist the muscle fiber and this causes the membrane potential to be less negative
step 2 - Calcium from the SR go through calcium changles into the axon terminal
step 7- another reaction occurs which gets sent through the sarcolemma
step 1- an impulse from a nerve travels down the motor neuron down to the axon terminal
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
step2-The impulses travels down the membrane and into the transverse tubules where it causes calcium to be released from he sarcoplasmic reticulm
step 3-Calcium binds to a strcture on actin that causes it to change shapestep
Step 1- A muscle contraction starts in the brain, where signals along the motor neuron
step 4-The change in shape allows myosin heads to form cross bridges between the actin and the myosin
The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction based on how muscle fibers (actin and myosin) slide against eachother to generate tension in the overall muscle
step 5- Energy from ATP is used to create a power stroke between the two filaments
Action potential in a muscle fiber
sarcolemma- cell membrane of a muscle cell
sarcoplasm-
thick filaments- consist of protein myosin when in myofibrils
contains- parallel myofribrils
thin filaments- mailly composed of protein actin could also have tropnin and tropomyosin
sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of a muscle cell
organizations- filaments produce bands called striations
.Muscles fiber- single, long cylindrical muscle cell
Names of all the skeletal muscles
anterior lower limbs
adducter longus (medial upper leg muscle)
startorius (long muscle that extends hip to knee area)
llioposs (under ab muscle area
gracilis (middle thigh muscle of the body)
rectus femoris center thigh muscle
vastus medialis
vastus laderal (pinky side thigh muscle)
tibialic Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
soleus
gastronemious (calf muscle)
anterior torso
Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis Major
Rectus abdominin
External Oblique
posterior lower limbs
semimembranosus
Fibularis Longus-
soleus
Gastrocnemius-
Biceps femoris-pinky side,back of the thigh
Gluteus maximus-The butt
semitendinosus-
anteroir uper limbs
Flexor Carpi Radiaiis
Palmaris Longus
Brachioradialis-
Biceps Brachii-
deltoid-
posterior torso
posterior upper limbs
triceps branchi
extensor carpi rad
Extensor Dig
face muscles anterior
temoralis- closes jaw
frontalis-front forehead
orbicularis oculi- for blinking
masseter-a jaw clsure
buccinator- compress check
orbicularis oris-close lips
platysma-tenses skin of neck
neck anterior
platysma
face muscle
orbicularis oris
frontalis
buccinator
orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus
massetar
temporalis
Sarcomere
l band
actin- thin filaments
z line- a zigzag line that marks the start to end of a sarcomere
it stretches to the end of a z line to a start of a new one
A band
contains myosin-thick filaments
H zone- the center of a band that only contains thick filaments
stretches to where both filaments are next to each other
sarcroplasmic- Recticulum(SR)- it stores calcium
calcium-
Mitochondria-creates ATP for contraction
ATP-
Sarcolemma-them membrane of sarcomere
Transverse tubles- transfer a reaction to sarcolemma